Abstract
Brown stem rot (BSR) [Phialophora gregata (Allington & Chamberlain) Gams.] is a widespread and significant disease in all over world’s soybean-growing regions. In isolation trials, eight isolates associated to soybean stem rot symptoms were collected from various governorates in Egypt. All the tested isolates could attack soybean plants of the cv. Giza 22 variety and cause brown stem rot. The results of pathogenicity tests showed that isolate of Mallawi from Minia governorate was the most virulent isolate. The isolates were identified as Phialophora gregata. Efficacies of some bio-control agents viz. Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus subtilis in addition to chemical resistance inducers viz. salicylic acid (SA), humic acid (HA) and hydroquinone (HQ) compared with Topsin M-70 % tested individually or in combinations as seed treatments showed antifungal activities against P. gregata in vitro and in vivo. Linear growth P. gregata in vitro was severely reduced by chemical inducers and antagonistic bacteria to varying degrees as compared to the control. The combination of B. subtilis + SA was most efficient in inhibiting mycelial growth of P. gregata. In vivo, the application of all treatments used as seed soaking showed significantly reduced the percentage of internal stem discoloration (PISD). Employing chemical resistance inducers and bio-control agents together was more efficient than using each of them alone. Additionally, in two growing seasons after one another, biocontrol agents, chemical inducers and their mixtures significantly raised soybean growth and yield parameters. The best control of brown stem rot disease and the highest growth and yield parameters values was observed under combination of B. subtilis + SA. In soil analysis and biochemical changes in soybean plants, all treatments showed significantly increased in dehydrogenase (DHA), photosynthetic pigment content, total protein, total carbohydrate, total oil contents and nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) contents in yielded seeds, meanwhile the total phenols significantly increased in all treatments compared with untreated control treatment. In general, utilizing biotic inducers appears to be one of the solutions to replace, or to reduce, fungicides usage in the management of plant diseases.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
All tested isolates attacked Giza 22 soybean and caused brown stem rot.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Material
- Giza 22e0
- Outcome
- cause brown stem rote0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All the tested isolates could attack soybean plants of the cv. Giza 22 variety and cause brown stem rot”
Claim · model-written summary
The Mallawi isolate was the most virulent.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Interactor
- isolate of Mallawie0pathogen
- Outcome
- most virulent isolatee0
- Setting
- Minia governoratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results of pathogenicity tests showed that isolate of Mallawi from Minia governorate was the most virulent isolate”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Chemical inducers reduced P. gregata growth in vitro compared with control.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- chemical inducerse0
- Interactor
- P. gregataCadophora gregatae0pathogen
- Outcome
- Linear growth P. gregatae0
- Direction
- severely reducede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
- Setting
- in vitroe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Linear growth P. gregata in vitro was severely reduced by chemical inducers and antagonistic bacteria to varying degrees as compared to the control”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Antagonistic bacteria reduced P. gregata growth in vitro compared with control.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- antagonistic bacteriae0
- Interactor
- P. gregataCadophora gregatae0pathogen
- Outcome
- Linear growth P. gregatae0
- Direction
- severely reducede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Linear growth P. gregata in vitro was severely reduced by chemical inducers and antagonistic bacteria to varying degrees as compared to the control”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
B. subtilis plus SA most efficiently inhibited P. gregata mycelial growth.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- B. subtilis + SAe0
- Interactor
- P. gregataCadophora gregatae0pathogen
- Second interactor
- B. subtilis
Bacillus subtilise0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- mycelial growth of P. gregatae0
- Direction
- inhibitinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combination of B. subtilis + SA was most efficient in inhibiting mycelial growth of P. gregata”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
All seed-soaking treatments significantly reduced internal stem discoloration.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- all treatments used as seed soakinge0
- Outcome
- percentage of internal stem discoloration (PISD)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In vivo, the application of all treatments used as seed soaking showed significantly reduced the percentage of internal stem discoloration (PISD)”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined chemical resistance inducers and biocontrol agents were more efficient than either alone.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- more efficiente0
- Direction
- more efficiente0
- Comparator
- each of them alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Employing chemical resistance inducers and bio-control agents together was more efficient than using each of them alone”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
biocontrol agents significantly raised soybean growth and yield parameters.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- biocontrol agentse0
- Outcome
- soybean growth and yield parameterse0
- Direction
- raisede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biocontrol agents, chemical inducers and their mixtures significantly raised soybean growth and yield parameters”
Claim · model-written summary
chemical inducers significantly raised soybean growth and yield parameters.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- chemical inducerse0
- Outcome
- soybean growth and yield parameterse0
- Direction
- raisede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biocontrol agents, chemical inducers and their mixtures significantly raised soybean growth and yield parameters”
Claim · model-written summary
their mixtures significantly raised soybean growth and yield parameters.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- their mixturese0
- Outcome
- soybean growth and yield parameterse0
- Direction
- raisede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biocontrol agents, chemical inducers and their mixtures significantly raised soybean growth and yield parameters”
Claim · model-written summary
B. subtilis plus SA gave the best brown stem rot control.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- B. subtilis + SAe0
- Interactor
- brown stem rote0pathogen
- Second interactor
- B. subtilisBacillus subtilise0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- control of brown stem rot diseasee0
- Direction
- beste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The best control of brown stem rot disease and the highest growth and yield parameters values was observed under combination of B. subtilis + SA”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
B. subtilis plus SA gave the highest soybean growth and yield parameters.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- B. subtilis + SAe0
- Interactor
- B. subtilisBacillus subtilise0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- growth and yield parameters valuese0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The best control of brown stem rot disease and the highest growth and yield parameters values was observed under combination of B. subtilis + SA”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
All treatments significantly increased dehydrogenase (DHA).
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- all treatmentse0
- Outcome
- dehydrogenase (DHA)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all treatments showed significantly increased in dehydrogenase (DHA), photosynthetic pigment content, total protein, total carbohydrate, total oil contents and nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) contents in yielded seeds”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
All treatments significantly increased photosynthetic pigment content.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- all treatmentse0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigment contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all treatments showed significantly increased in dehydrogenase (DHA), photosynthetic pigment content, total protein, total carbohydrate, total oil contents and nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) contents in yielded seeds”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
All treatments significantly increased total protein, total carbohydrate, total oil contents.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- all treatmentse0
- Outcome
- total protein, total carbohydrate, total oil contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all treatments showed significantly increased in dehydrogenase (DHA), photosynthetic pigment content, total protein, total carbohydrate, total oil contents and nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) contents in yielded seeds”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
All treatments significantly increased nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) contents in yielded seeds.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- all treatmentse0
- Outcome
- nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) contents in yielded seedse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all treatments showed significantly increased in dehydrogenase (DHA), photosynthetic pigment content, total protein, total carbohydrate, total oil contents and nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) contents in yielded seeds”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Total phenols significantly increased under all treatments compared with untreated control.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- all treatmentse0
- Outcome
- total phenolse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- untreated control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the total phenols significantly increased in all treatments compared with untreated control treatment”
t0“Soybean”
The same questions in other papers
salicylic acid · disease · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
6 papers more in this group
See all 10 papers →Bacillus subtilis · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
16 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
14 papers more in this group
See all 18 papers →salicylic acid · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
24 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- no effect
24 papers more in this group
See all 28 papers →Bacillus subtilis · disease · Glycine max (soybean)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →inoculation · Cadophora gregata · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →biocontrol · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Results agree
8 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.