Abstract
Ridge-furrow planting, supplementary irrigation and density regulation are effective measures to improve crop yields in (semi-)arid and drought-prone regions around the world, but their interactive effects on crop evapotranspiration, plant nitrogen uptake, grain yield and its components, water productivity, nitrogen use efficiency and economic benefit of winter wheat are not fully understood. Field experiments were carried out on winter wheat in a semi-humid but drought-prone region of northwest China during 2020 − 2021 and 2021 − 2022. There were two planting patterns (P): ridge-furrow planting with plastic film mulching on ridges (RF) and conventional flat planting (F), two supplementary irrigation amounts (I): 30 mm supplementary irrigation at both overwintering and returning-green stages (I60) and no supplementary irrigation (I0), and three planting densities (D): 240 × 104 plants ha−1 (LD), 360 × 104 plants ha−1 (MD) and 480 × 104 plants ha−1 (HD). The results showed that significant interactive effects of P × I, P × D, I × D and P × I × D on grain yield and water productivity of grain yield (WPg) were obtained, and the interactive effects of P × I, I × D and P × I × D on partial factor productivity of nitrogen (NPFP) and net income (NI) were significant. Compared with F, RF increased grain yield by 10.4%, WPg by 11.9%, water productivity of biomass yield (WPb) by 6.2%, precipitation and irrigation water use efficiency (PIUE) by 10.4%, irrigation water use efficiency (IUE) by 12.0%, agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (ANUE) by 5.3%, NPFP by 10.6% and NI by 17.1%. Compared with I0, I60 increased grain yield by 13.5%, WPg by 7.8%, ANUE by 5.7%, NPFP by 13.7% and NI by 27.9%. Increasing planting density improved soil water consumption, population nitrogen uptake, effective number of panicles per unit area, WPb, PIUE, ANUE, NUtE and total income. Grain yield, WPg, NPFP and NI reached the maximum values at MD under RF, because the presence of plastic film in RF reduced the number of planting rows and resulted in excessive planting density in the plant row at HD compared to F. In summary, the optimized planting density (360 ×104 plants ha−1) combined with ridge-furrow planting and supplementary irrigation is more desirable for balancing grain yield, water productivity, nitrogen use efficiency and economic benefit of winter wheat in the semi-humid and drought-prone region of northwest China.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
RF increased grain yield by 10.4% compared with F.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- RFe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 10.4%e0
- Comparator
- Fe0
- Setting
- semi-humid but drought-prone region of northwest Chinat0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with F, RF increased grain yield by 10.4%”
t0“winter wheat in a semi-humid but drought-prone region of northwest China”
Claim · model-written summary
RF increased WPg by 11.9% compared with F.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- RFe0
- Outcome
- WPge0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 11.9%e0
- Comparator
- Fe0
- Setting
- semi-humid but drought-prone region of northwest Chinat0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with F, RF increased grain yield by 10.4%, WPg by 11.9%”
t0“winter wheat in a semi-humid but drought-prone region of northwest China”
Claim · model-written summary
RF increased WPb by 6.2% compared with F.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- RFe0
- Outcome
- water productivity of biomass yield (WPb)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 6.2%e0
- Comparator
- Fe0
- Setting
- semi-humid but drought-prone region of northwest Chinat0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with F, RF increased grain yield by 10.4%, WPg by 11.9%, water productivity of biomass yield (WPb) by 6.2%”
t0“winter wheat in a semi-humid but drought-prone region of northwest China”
Claim · model-written summary
RF increased PIUE by 10.4% compared with F.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- RFe0
- Outcome
- precipitation and irrigation water use efficiency (PIUE)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 10.4%e0
- Comparator
- Fe0
- Setting
- semi-humid but drought-prone region of northwest Chinat0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with F, RF increased grain yield by 10.4%, WPg by 11.9%, water productivity of biomass yield (WPb) by 6.2%, precipitation and irrigation water use efficiency (PIUE) by 10.4%”
t0“winter wheat in a semi-humid but drought-prone region of northwest China”
Claim · model-written summary
RF increased IUE by 12.0% compared with F.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- RFe0
- Outcome
- irrigation water use efficiency (IUE)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 12.0%e0
- Comparator
- Fe0
- Setting
- semi-humid but drought-prone region of northwest Chinat0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with F, RF increased grain yield by 10.4%, WPg by 11.9%, water productivity of biomass yield (WPb) by 6.2%, precipitation and irrigation water use efficiency (PIUE) by 10.4%, irrigation water use efficiency (IUE) by 12.0%”
t0“winter wheat in a semi-humid but drought-prone region of northwest China”
Claim · model-written summary
RF increased ANUE by 5.3% compared with F.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- RFe0
- Outcome
- agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (ANUE)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 5.3%e0
- Comparator
- Fe0
- Setting
- semi-humid but drought-prone region of northwest Chinat0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with F, RF increased grain yield by 10.4%, WPg by 11.9%, water productivity of biomass yield (WPb) by 6.2%, precipitation and irrigation water use efficiency (PIUE) by 10.4%, irrigation water use efficiency (IUE) by 12.0%, agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (ANUE) by 5.3%”
t0“winter wheat in a semi-humid but drought-prone region of northwest China”
Claim · model-written summary
RF increased NPFP by 10.6% compared with F.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- RFe0
- Outcome
- NPFPe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 10.6%e0
- Comparator
- Fe0
- Setting
- semi-humid but drought-prone region of northwest Chinat0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with F, RF increased grain yield by 10.4%, WPg by 11.9%, water productivity of biomass yield (WPb) by 6.2%, precipitation and irrigation water use efficiency (PIUE) by 10.4%, irrigation water use efficiency (IUE) by 12.0%, agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (ANUE) by 5.3%, NPFP by 10.6%”
t0“winter wheat in a semi-humid but drought-prone region of northwest China”
Claim · model-written summary
RF increased NI by 17.1% compared with F.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- RFe0
- Outcome
- NIe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 17.1%e0
- Comparator
- Fe0
- Setting
- semi-humid but drought-prone region of northwest Chinat0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with F, RF increased grain yield by 10.4%, WPg by 11.9%, water productivity of biomass yield (WPb) by 6.2%, precipitation and irrigation water use efficiency (PIUE) by 10.4%, irrigation water use efficiency (IUE) by 12.0%, agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (ANUE) by 5.3%, NPFP by 10.6% and NI by 17.1%”
t0“winter wheat in a semi-humid but drought-prone region of northwest China”
Claim · model-written summary
I60 increased grain yield by 13.5% compared with I0.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- I60e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 13.5%e0
- Comparator
- I0e0
- Setting
- semi-humid but drought-prone region of northwest Chinat0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with I0, I60 increased grain yield by 13.5%”
t0“winter wheat in a semi-humid but drought-prone region of northwest China”
Claim · model-written summary
I60 increased WPg by 7.8% compared with I0.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- I60e0
- Outcome
- WPge0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 7.8%e0
- Comparator
- I0e0
- Setting
- semi-humid but drought-prone region of northwest Chinat0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with I0, I60 increased grain yield by 13.5%, WPg by 7.8%”
t0“winter wheat in a semi-humid but drought-prone region of northwest China”
Claim · model-written summary
I60 increased ANUE by 5.7% compared with I0.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- I60e0
- Outcome
- ANUEe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 5.7%e0
- Comparator
- I0e0
- Setting
- semi-humid but drought-prone region of northwest Chinat0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with I0, I60 increased grain yield by 13.5%, WPg by 7.8%, ANUE by 5.7%”
t0“winter wheat in a semi-humid but drought-prone region of northwest China”
Claim · model-written summary
I60 increased NPFP by 13.7% compared with I0.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- I60e0
- Outcome
- NPFPe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 13.7%e0
- Comparator
- I0e0
- Setting
- semi-humid but drought-prone region of northwest Chinat0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with I0, I60 increased grain yield by 13.5%, WPg by 7.8%, ANUE by 5.7%, NPFP by 13.7%”
t0“winter wheat in a semi-humid but drought-prone region of northwest China”
Claim · model-written summary
I60 increased NI by 27.9% compared with I0.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- I60e0
- Outcome
- NIe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 27.9%e0
- Comparator
- I0e0
- Setting
- semi-humid but drought-prone region of northwest Chinat0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with I0, I60 increased grain yield by 13.5%, WPg by 7.8%, ANUE by 5.7%, NPFP by 13.7% and NI by 27.9%”
t0“winter wheat in a semi-humid but drought-prone region of northwest China”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing planting density improved soil water consumption, population nitrogen uptake and effective number of panicles per unit area.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- planting densitye0
- Outcome
- soil water consumption, population nitrogen uptake, effective number of panicles per unit areae0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Setting
- semi-humid but drought-prone region of northwest Chinat0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing planting density improved soil water consumption, population nitrogen uptake, effective number of panicles per unit area”
t0“winter wheat in a semi-humid but drought-prone region of northwest China”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing planting density improved WPb, PIUE and ANUE.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- planting densitye0
- Outcome
- WPb, PIUE, ANUEe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Setting
- semi-humid but drought-prone region of northwest Chinat0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing planting density improved soil water consumption, population nitrogen uptake, effective number of panicles per unit area, WPb, PIUE, ANUE”
t0“winter wheat in a semi-humid but drought-prone region of northwest China”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing planting density improved NUtE and total income.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- planting densitye0
- Outcome
- NUtE and total incomee0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Setting
- semi-humid but drought-prone region of northwest Chinat0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing planting density improved soil water consumption, population nitrogen uptake, effective number of panicles per unit area, WPb, PIUE, ANUE, NUtE and total income”
t0“winter wheat in a semi-humid but drought-prone region of northwest China”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield, WPg and NPFP reached their maximum values at MD under RF.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- MD under RFe0
- Outcome
- Grain yield, WPg, NPFPe0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Setting
- semi-humid but drought-prone region of northwest Chinat0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield, WPg, NPFP and NI reached the maximum values at MD under RF”
t0“winter wheat in a semi-humid but drought-prone region of northwest China”
Claim · model-written summary
NI reached its maximum value at MD under RF.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- MD under RFe0
- Outcome
- NIe0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Setting
- semi-humid but drought-prone region of northwest Chinat0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield, WPg, NPFP and NI reached the maximum values at MD under RF”
t0“winter wheat in a semi-humid but drought-prone region of northwest China”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield, WPg, NPFP and NI were significantly affected by interactions of planting pattern, irrigation and density.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- P × I, P × D, I × D and P × I × De0
- Outcome
- grain yield and water productivity of grain yield (WPg)e0
- Setting
- semi-humid but drought-prone region of northwest Chinat0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant interactive effects of P × I, P × D, I × D and P × I × D on grain yield and water productivity of grain yield (WPg) were obtained”
t0“winter wheat in a semi-humid but drought-prone region of northwest China”
Claim · model-written summary
The optimized planting density combined with ridge-furrow planting and supplementary irrigation is more desirable for balancing grain yield, water productivity, nitrogen use efficiency and economic benefit of winter wheat.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- ridge-furrow planting and supplementary irrigatione0
- Outcome
- balancing grain yield, water productivity, nitrogen use efficiency and economic benefite0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combined with ridge-furrow planting and supplementary irrigation is more desirable for balancing grain yield, water productivity, nitrogen use efficiency and economic benefit of winter wheat”
t0“winter wheat in a semi-humid but drought-prone region of northwest China”