Abstract
Introduction Nitrogen fertilizer intake promotes soybean growth before the formation of nodules, but excess nitrogen has an inhibitory effect on soybean nodulation. It is important to balance nitrogen levels to meet both growth and nodulation needs. Methods the nitrogen level suitable for soybean growth and nodulation was studied, the role of humic acid (HA) in alleviating the inhibition of high nitrogen on soybean nodulation was analyzed, and transcriptomic analysis was performed to understand its mechanism. Results The results showed that a lower level of nitrogen with 36.4 mg urea per pot could increase the number of nodules of soybean, and a higher level of nitrogen with 145.9 mg urea per pot (U4 group) had the best growth indicators but inhibited nodulation significantly. HA relieved the inhibitory effect at high nitrogen level, and the number of nodules increased by 122.1% when 1.29 g HA was added (H2 group) compared with the U4 group. The transcriptome analysis was subsequently performed on the H2 and U4 groups, showing that there were 2995 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) on the 25th day, accounting for 6.678% of the total annotated genes (44,848) under the test conditions. These DEGs were enriched in mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-plant, flavonoid biosynthesis, and plant hormone signal transduction based on the –log10 ( P adjusted ) value in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway (KEGG). Discussion HA balanced the nitrogen level through the above pathways in soybean planting to control the number of nodules.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Low nitrogen increased soybean nodule number.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- 36.4 mg urea per pote0
- Outcome
- number of nodulese0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a lower level of nitrogen with 36.4 mg urea per pot could increase the number of nodules of soybean”
t0“soybean”
e1“a lower level of nitrogen with 36.4 mg urea per pot could increase the number of nodules of soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen gave the best growth indicators.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 145.9 mg urea per pote0
- Outcome
- growth indicatorse0
- Direction
- beste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Schema note from the model: Taxon is named in title.
Verbatim
e0“a higher level of nitrogen with 145.9 mg urea per pot (U4 group) had the best growth indicators”
t0“soybean”
e1“a higher level of nitrogen with 145.9 mg urea per pot (U4 group) had the best growth indicators”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen significantly inhibited nodulation.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 145.9 mg urea per pote0
- Outcome
- nodulatione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a higher level of nitrogen with 145.9 mg urea per pot (U4 group) had the best growth indicators but inhibited nodulation significantly”
t0“soybean”
e1“a higher level of nitrogen with 145.9 mg urea per pot (U4 group) had the best growth indicators but inhibited nodulation significantly”
Claim · model-written summary
Humic acid increased nodule number by 122.1% at high nitrogen relative to U4.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 1.29 g HAe0
- Outcome
- number of nodulese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 122.1%e0
- Comparator
- U4 groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the number of nodules increased by 122.1% when 1.29 g HA was added (H2 group) compared with the U4 group”
t0“soybean”
e1“the number of nodules increased by 122.1% when 1.29 g HA was added (H2 group) compared with the U4 group”
Claim · model-written summary
The H2 versus U4 transcriptome had 2995 differentially expressed genes on day 25.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- differentially expressed genese0
- Value
- 2995e0
- Qualifier
- on the 25th daye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there were 2995 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) on the 25th day, accounting for 6.678% of the total annotated genes (44,848)”
t0“soybean”
e1“there were 2995 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) on the 25th day, accounting for 6.678% of the total annotated genes (44,848)”
Claim · model-written summary
The differentially expressed genes accounted for 6.678% of annotated genes.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- total annotated genese0
- Value
- 6.678%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there were 2995 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) on the 25th day, accounting for 6.678% of the total annotated genes (44,848)”
t0“soybean”
e1“there were 2995 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) on the 25th day, accounting for 6.678% of the total annotated genes (44,848)”
Claim · model-written summary
The differentially expressed genes were enriched in MAPK signaling, flavonoid biosynthesis, and hormone signaling pathways.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- DEGs were enriched in mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-plant, flavonoid biosynthesis, and plant hormone signal transductione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These DEGs were enriched in mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-plant, flavonoid biosynthesis, and plant hormone signal transduction”
t0“soybean”
e1“These DEGs were enriched in mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-plant, flavonoid biosynthesis, and plant hormone signal transduction”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors interpret humic acid as balancing nitrogen through these pathways to control nodule number.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- HAe0
- Outcome
- number of nodulese0
- Qualifier
- through the above pathwayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HA balanced the nitrogen level through the above pathways in soybean planting to control the number of nodules”
t0“soybean”
e1“HA balanced the nitrogen level through the above pathways in soybean planting to control the number of nodules”
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