Abstract
Modern irrigation practices and industrial pollution can contribute to the simultaneous occurrence of salinity and heavy metal contamination in large areas of the world, resulting in significant negative effects on crop productivity and sustainability. This study aimed to investigate the growth-promoting potentials of an important endophytic fungal strain SL3 and to compare its potential with exogenous IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) in the context of salt and heavy metal stress. The strain was assessed for plant growth-promoting traits such as the production of indole-3-acetic acid, gibberellins (GA), and siderophore. We selected two important crops, mung bean and maize, and examined various physiological and biochemical characteristics under 300 mM NaCl and 2.5 mM Pb stress conditions, with and without the application of IAA and SL3. This study's results demonstrated that both IAA and SL3 positively impacted the growth and development of plants under normal and stressed conditions. In NaCl and Pb-induced stress conditions, the growth of mung bean and maize plants was significantly reduced. However, the application of IAA and SL3 helped to alleviate stress, leading to a significant increase in shoot/root length and weight compared to IAA and SL3 non-treated plants. The results revealed that photosynthetic pigments, accumulation of catalase (CAT), phenolic contents, polyphenol oxidase, and flavanols are higher in the IAA and SL3-treated plants than in the non-inoculated plants. This study's findings revealed that applying the SL3 fungal strain positively influenced various physiological and biochemical processes in tested plant species under normal and stress conditions of NaCl and Pb. These findings also suggested that SL3 could be a potential replacement for widely used IAA to promote plant growth by improving photosynthetic efficiency, reducing oxidative stress, and enhancing metabolic activities in plants, including mung and maize. Moreover, this study highlights that SL3 has synergistic effects with IAA in enhancing resilience to salt and heavy stress and offers a promising avenue for future agricultural applications in salt and heavy metal-affected regions.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
mung bean growth fell under NaCl and Pb stress.
- Taxon
- mung bean
.jpg?width=60)
Vigna radiatae0 - Treatment
- NaCl and Pb-induced stress conditionse0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“In NaCl and Pb-induced stress conditions, the growth of mung bean and maize plants was significantly reduced.”
Claim · model-written summary
maize growth fell under NaCl and Pb stress.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In NaCl and Pb-induced stress conditions, the growth of mung bean and maize plants was significantly reduced.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mung Bean shoot and root length and weight rose with IAA.
- Taxon
- Mung BeanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- IAAe0
- Outcome
- shoot/root length and weighte0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- IAA and SL3 non-treated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of IAA and SL3 helped to alleviate stress, leading to a significant increase in shoot/root length and weight compared to IAA and SL3 non-treated plants.”
t0“Mung Bean and Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Mung Bean shoot and root length and weight rose with SL3.
- Taxon
- Mung BeanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- SL3e0
- Outcome
- shoot/root length and weighte0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- IAA and SL3 non-treated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of IAA and SL3 helped to alleviate stress, leading to a significant increase in shoot/root length and weight compared to IAA and SL3 non-treated plants.”
t0“Mung Bean and Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize shoot and root length and weight rose with IAA.
- Treatment
- IAAe0
- Outcome
- shoot/root length and weighte0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- IAA and SL3 non-treated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of IAA and SL3 helped to alleviate stress, leading to a significant increase in shoot/root length and weight compared to IAA and SL3 non-treated plants.”
t0“Mung Bean and Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize shoot and root length and weight rose with SL3.
- Treatment
- SL3e0
- Outcome
- shoot/root length and weighte0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- IAA and SL3 non-treated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of IAA and SL3 helped to alleviate stress, leading to a significant increase in shoot/root length and weight compared to IAA and SL3 non-treated plants.”
t0“Mung Bean and Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Mung Bean treated with IAA had higher photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant measures.
- Taxon
- Mung BeanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- IAAe0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigments, accumulation of catalase (CAT), phenolic contentse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photosynthetic pigments, accumulation of catalase (CAT), phenolic contents, polyphenol oxidase, and flavanols are higher in the IAA and SL3-treated plants than in the non-inoculated plants.”
t0“Mung Bean and Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Mung Bean treated with SL3 had higher photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant measures.
- Taxon
- Mung BeanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- SL3e0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigments, accumulation of catalase (CAT), phenolic contentse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photosynthetic pigments, accumulation of catalase (CAT), phenolic contents, polyphenol oxidase, and flavanols are higher in the IAA and SL3-treated plants than in the non-inoculated plants.”
t0“Mung Bean and Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize treated with IAA had higher photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant measures.
- Treatment
- IAAe0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigments, accumulation of catalase (CAT), phenolic contentse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photosynthetic pigments, accumulation of catalase (CAT), phenolic contents, polyphenol oxidase, and flavanols are higher in the IAA and SL3-treated plants than in the non-inoculated plants.”
t0“Mung Bean and Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize treated with SL3 had higher photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant measures.
- Treatment
- SL3e0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigments, accumulation of catalase (CAT), phenolic contentse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photosynthetic pigments, accumulation of catalase (CAT), phenolic contents, polyphenol oxidase, and flavanols are higher in the IAA and SL3-treated plants than in the non-inoculated plants.”
t0“Mung Bean and Maize”
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