Abstract
The soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] relationship with the bacteria Bradyrhizobium japonicum is responsible for providing around 60% of the nitrogen (N) required for the crop and the remaining N comes from the soil or supplemental fertilization. To investigate if higher yields are possible, supplemental N studies and co-inoculation of Rhizobium with Azospirillum are necessary. This N rate (0, 30, 56, 112, 336 kg N ha−1) and inoculation study was conducted across eight environments in eastern North Dakota, USA, in 2021 and 2022. Also, the effect of supplemental N and co-inoculation on nodulation was evaluated. When N was applied at 112 kg N ha−1, nodulation was significantly inhibited. Co-inoculation increased the number of large nodules and the volume of nodules; however, the yield was not different from inoculation with B. japonicum. Nitrogen at 112 and 336 kg ha−1 increased grain yield, protein yield, and seed weight; however, the higher N rate decreased plant population. There were significant positive relationships between yield and protein content and seed weight, and negative relationships between oil and protein content, and yield and oil content. Based on a polynomial relationship, the highest yield (3711 kg ha−1) would be achieved at 273 kg N ha−1. The application of N resulted in a yield increase but using current prices may not be an economical choice. Additional research is necessary to verify if co-inoculation with efficient strains can improve biological N fixation.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Applying 112 kg N ha−1 significantly inhibited soybean nodulation.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- 112 kg N ha−1e0
- Outcome
- nodulatione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When N was applied at 112 kg N ha−1, nodulation was significantly inhibited.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation increased the number and volume of large soybean nodules.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Co-inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Bradyrhizobium japonicum
Bradyrhizobium japonicumt0symbiont - Second interactor
- Azospirillum brasilense
Azospirillum brasilenset0symbiont - Outcome
- number of large nodules and the volume of nodulese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Co-inoculation increased the number of large nodules and the volume of nodules”
t0“soybean Response to N Fertilization Compared with Co-Inoculation of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Azospirillum brasilense”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation did not change soybean yield relative to B. japonicum inoculation.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Co-inoculatione0
- Interactor
- B. japonicumBradyrhizobium japonicume0symbiont
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- not differente0
- Comparator
- inoculation with B. japonicume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Co-inoculation increased the number of large nodules and the volume of nodules; however, the yield was not different from inoculation with B. japonicum.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen at 112 and 336 kg ha−1 increased soybean grain yield, protein yield, and seed weight.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Nitrogen at 112 and 336 kg ha−1e0
- Outcome
- grain yield, protein yield, and seed weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen at 112 and 336 kg ha−1 increased grain yield, protein yield, and seed weight”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The higher nitrogen rate decreased soybean plant population.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- higher N ratee0
- Outcome
- plant populatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the higher N rate decreased plant population.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean yield was positively related to protein content.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Compound
- protein contente0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- positivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant positive relationships between yield and protein content”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean yield was positively related to seed weight.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- seede0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- positivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“positive relationships between yield and protein content and seed weight”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean oil and protein content were negatively related.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Compound
- protein contente0
- Outcome
- oile0
- Direction
- negativee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“negative relationships between oil and protein content”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean yield and oil content were negatively related.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Compound
- oil contente0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- lowerinferrede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield and oil content”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
A polynomial relationship estimated maximum soybean yield of 3711 kg ha−1 at 273 kg N ha−1.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 273 kg N ha−1e0
- Outcome
- highest yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 3711 kg ha−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest yield (3711 kg ha−1) would be achieved at 273 kg N ha−1.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplemental nitrogen increased soybean yield but may be uneconomical at current prices.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- application of Ne0
- Outcome
- using current prices may not be an economical choicee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of N resulted in a yield increase but using current prices may not be an economical choice.”
t0“soybean”
The same questions in other papers
nitrogen · quality: protein · Glycine max (soybean)Results differ
46 papers in the same direction as this paper · 18 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- no effect
61 papers more in this group
See all 65 papers →inoculation · Bradyrhizobium japonicum · Glycine max (soybean)Results differ
63 papers in the same direction as this paper · 20 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- no effect
- negative
82 papers more in this group
See all 86 papers →nitrogen · pest · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 8 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
8 papers more in this group
See all 12 papers →nitrogen · symbiosis · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
86 papers in the same direction as this paper · 59 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- positive
142 papers more in this group
See all 146 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.