Abstract
Stimulants that enhance atmospheric nitrogen fixation, whether biological or non-biological, can potentially decrease the reliance on industrial nitrogen fertilizers. Biological stimulants involve living organisms, while non-biological stimulants involve naturally occurring substances. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted to assess the impact of using TiO2 (extracted from the mineral ilmenite, which has the chemical formula FeTiO3) as a catalyst to facilitate the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into nitrate without the involvement of microorganisms. The tested plant in this investigation was faba bean plants. The primary treatments in the experiment consisted of T1: Without titanium or rhizobium inoculant (as control1); T2: Soaking seeds before sowing in a solution having a titanium concentration of 6 mg L-1; T3: With rhizobium inoculant (as control2) and T4: Soil injection of titanium at rate of 6 mg L-1. The sub-main factor involved the foliar application of various rates of titanium: F1: Without titanium (control); F2: With titanium (3 Ti mgL-1); F3: With titanium (6 Ti mgL-1); F4: With titanium (9 Ti mgL-1). The obtained results show that the soaking seeds before sowing in a solution having a titanium concentration of 6 mg L-1 (T2 treatment) was the superior for obtaining the maximum values of nitrogen content in leaves as well as growth performance (e.g., plant height, fresh and dry weights…etc.) and productivity (e.g., seed yield, seeds content of protein and carbohydrate…etc.) followed by T3 treatment then T4 treatment and lately T1 treatment. Regarding foliar applications, there was a notable and gradual impact of titanium on nitrogen content in leaves, thus all the growth and productivity characteristics that were studied. As the concentration of titanium was increased from 0 mg L-1 to 3 and 6 mg L-1, there was a gradual increase observed in these traits, followed by a significant decrease when the concentration of titanium reached 9 mg L-1. Furthermore, it was observed that the values obtained from the control treatment, which did not involve any titanium foliar application, were higher than those found with the plants sprayed with 9 Ti mg L-1, indicating that excessive titanium application have a negative effect on the traits. In general, the obtained results revealed that soaking faba bean seeds before sowing in a solution containing 6 mg Ti L-1 with foliar application of solution having a concentration of 6 mg Ti L-1 resulted in the highest nitrogen content in leaves, growth performance, and productivity. Finally, the study indicates that TiO2 has the potential to serve as a cost-effective substitute for synthetic nitrogen fertilizers. Nevertheless, it is crucial to bear in mind that the process of non-biological nitrogen fixation on TiO2 surfaces is still a new and under-explored field of research. More studies are necessary to comprehend the complete potential of TiO2 as a nitrogen fixation stimulant and to assess its efficacy in diverse crop types and environmental conditions.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Soaking seeds in 6 mg Ti L-1 gave the maximum leaf nitrogen content, higher than the T1 treatment.
- Taxon
- faba bean
Vicia fabat0 - Treatment
- soaking seeds before sowing in a solution having a titanium concentration of 6 mg L-1 (T2 treatment)e1
- Outcome
- nitrogen content in leavese1
- Direction
- maximum valuese1
- Comparator
- T1 treatmente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“on Faba Bean Plants”
e1“the soaking seeds before sowing in a solution having a titanium concentration of 6 mg L-1 (T2 treatment) was the superior for obtaining the maximum values of nitrogen content in leaves as well as growth performance (e.g., plant height, fresh and dry weights…etc.) and productivity (e.g., seed yield, seeds content of protein and carbohydrate…etc.)”
e2“followed by T3 treatment then T4 treatment and lately T1 treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Soaking seeds in 6 mg Ti L-1 gave the maximum growth performance, compared with the T1 treatment.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- soaking seeds before sowing in a solution having a titanium concentration of 6 mg L-1 (T2 treatment)e1
- Outcome
- growth performancee1
- Direction
- maximum valuese1
- Comparator
- T1 treatmente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“on Faba Bean Plants”
e1“the soaking seeds before sowing in a solution having a titanium concentration of 6 mg L-1 (T2 treatment) was the superior for obtaining the maximum values of nitrogen content in leaves as well as growth performance (e.g., plant height, fresh and dry weights…etc.) and productivity (e.g., seed yield, seeds content of protein and carbohydrate…etc.)”
e2“followed by T3 treatment then T4 treatment and lately T1 treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Soaking seeds in 6 mg Ti L-1 gave the maximum productivity, compared with the T1 treatment.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- soaking seeds before sowing in a solution having a titanium concentration of 6 mg L-1 (T2 treatment)e1
- Outcome
- productivitye1
- Direction
- maximum valuese1
- Comparator
- T1 treatmente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“on Faba Bean Plants”
e1“the soaking seeds before sowing in a solution having a titanium concentration of 6 mg L-1 (T2 treatment) was the superior for obtaining the maximum values of nitrogen content in leaves as well as growth performance (e.g., plant height, fresh and dry weights…etc.) and productivity (e.g., seed yield, seeds content of protein and carbohydrate…etc.)”
e2“followed by T3 treatment then T4 treatment and lately T1 treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing foliar titanium from 0 to 3 and 6 mg L-1 gradually increased nitrogen content, growth and productivity traits.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- concentration of titanium was increased from 0 mg L-1 to 3 and 6 mg L-1e3
- Outcome
- these traitse3
- Direction
- gradual increasee3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“on Faba Bean Plants”
e3“As the concentration of titanium was increased from 0 mg L-1 to 3 and 6 mg L-1, there was a gradual increase observed in these traits”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar titanium at 9 mg L-1 caused a significant decrease in these traits, below the control treatment.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- plants sprayed with 9 Ti mg L-1e5
- Outcome
- these traitse3
- Direction
- significant decreasee4
- Comparator
- control treatmente5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“on Faba Bean Plants”
e3“As the concentration of titanium was increased from 0 mg L-1 to 3 and 6 mg L-1, there was a gradual increase observed in these traits”
e4“followed by a significant decrease when the concentration of titanium reached 9 mg L-1”
e5“the values obtained from the control treatment, which did not involve any titanium foliar application, were higher than those found with the plants sprayed with 9 Ti mg L-1”
Claim · model-written summary
Soaking seeds and foliar application at 6 mg Ti L-1 together gave the highest nitrogen content, growth performance and productivity.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- soaking faba bean seeds before sowing in a solution containing 6 mg Ti L-1 with foliar application of solution having a concentration of 6 mg Ti L-1e6
- Outcome
- nitrogen content in leaves, growth performance, and productivitye6
- Direction
- higheste6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“on Faba Bean Plants”
e6“soaking faba bean seeds before sowing in a solution containing 6 mg Ti L-1 with foliar application of solution having a concentration of 6 mg Ti L-1 resulted in the highest nitrogen content in leaves, growth performance, and productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors indicate that TiO2 could serve as a cost-effective substitute for synthetic nitrogen fertilizers.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Outcome
- potential to serve as a cost-effective substitute for synthetic nitrogen fertilizerse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“on Faba Bean Plants”
e7“the study indicates that TiO2 has the potential to serve as a cost-effective substitute for synthetic nitrogen fertilizers”
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See all 116 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.