Abstract
Sexual systems play important roles in angiosperm evolution and exhibit substantial variations among different floras. Thus, studying their evolution in a whole flora is crucial for understanding the formation and maintenance of plant biodiversity and predicting its responses to environmental change. In this study, we determined the patterns of plant sexual systems and their associations with geographic elements and various life-history traits in dry-hot valley region of southwestern China, an extremely vulnerable ecosystem. Of the 3166 angiosperm species recorded in this area, 74.5% were hermaphroditic, 13.5% were monoecious and 12% were dioecious, showing a high incidence of diclinous species. Diclinous species were strongly associated with tropical elements, whereas hermaphroditic species were strongly associated with temperate and cosmopolitan elements. We also found that hermaphroditism was strongly associated with showy floral displays, specialist entomophily, dry fruits and herbaceous plants. Dioecy was strongly associated with inconspicuous, pale-colored flowers, generalist entomophily, fleshy fruits, and woody plants, whereas monoecy was strongly associated with inconspicuous, pale-colored flowers, anemophily, dry fruits, and herbaceous plants. In addition, hermaphroditic species with generalist entomophily tended to flower in the dry season, whereas diclinous species with specialist entomophily tended to flower in the rainy season. However, independent of sexual systems, plants that produce dry fruits tended to flower in the rainy season and set fruits in the dry season, but the opposite pattern was found for fleshy fruit-producing plants. Our results suggest that in the dry-hot valleys, plant sexual systems are associated with geographic elements as well as various life-history traits that are sensitive to environmental change.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
74.5% of recorded angiosperm species were hermaphroditic.
Verbatim
e0“Of the 3166 angiosperm species recorded in this area, 74.5% were hermaphroditic, 13.5% were monoecious and 12% were dioecious, showing a high incidence of diclinous species”
Claim · model-written summary
13.5% of recorded angiosperm species were monoecious.
Verbatim
e0“Of the 3166 angiosperm species recorded in this area, 74.5% were hermaphroditic, 13.5% were monoecious and 12% were dioecious, showing a high incidence of diclinous species”
Claim · model-written summary
12% of recorded angiosperm species were dioecious.
Verbatim
e0“Of the 3166 angiosperm species recorded in this area, 74.5% were hermaphroditic, 13.5% were monoecious and 12% were dioecious, showing a high incidence of diclinous species”
Claim · model-written summary
Diclinous species were associated with tropical elements.
Not reportedOrgan / stageDirection
Verbatim
e0“Diclinous species were strongly associated with tropical elements”
Claim · model-written summary
hermaphroditic species were associated with temperate and cosmopolitan elements.
Not reportedOrgan / stageDirection
Verbatim
e0“hermaphroditic species were strongly associated with temperate and cosmopolitan elements”
Claim · model-written summary
hermaphroditism were associated with showy floral displays, specialist entomophily, dry fruits and herbaceous plants.
- Taxon
- hermaphroditisme0
- Outcome
- showy floral displays, specialist entomophily, dry fruits and herbaceous plantse0
Not reportedOrgan / stageDirection
Verbatim
e0“hermaphroditism was strongly associated with showy floral displays, specialist entomophily, dry fruits and herbaceous plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Dioecy were associated with inconspicuous, pale-colored flowers, generalist entomophily, fleshy fruits, and woody plants.
- Taxon
- Dioecye0
- Outcome
- inconspicuous, pale-colored flowers, generalist entomophily, fleshy fruits, and woody plantse0
Not reportedOrgan / stageDirection
Verbatim
e0“Dioecy was strongly associated with inconspicuous, pale-colored flowers, generalist entomophily, fleshy fruits, and woody plants”
Claim · model-written summary
monoecy were associated with inconspicuous, pale-colored flowers, anemophily, dry fruits, and herbaceous plants.
- Taxon
- monoecye0
- Outcome
- inconspicuous, pale-colored flowers, anemophily, dry fruits, and herbaceous plantse0
Not reportedOrgan / stageDirection
Verbatim
e0“monoecy was strongly associated with inconspicuous, pale-colored flowers, anemophily, dry fruits, and herbaceous plants”
Claim · model-written summary
hermaphroditic species were associated with flower in the dry season.
Not reportedOrgan / stageDirection
Verbatim
e0“hermaphroditic species with generalist entomophily tended to flower in the dry season”
Claim · model-written summary
diclinous species were associated with flower in the rainy season.
Not reportedOrgan / stageDirection
Verbatim
e0“diclinous species with specialist entomophily tended to flower in the rainy season”
Claim · model-written summary
plants were associated with flower in the rainy season and set fruits in the dry season.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee0
- Outcome
- flower in the rainy season and set fruits in the dry seasone0
Not reportedOrgan / stageDirection
Verbatim
e0“plants that produce dry fruits tended to flower in the rainy season and set fruits in the dry season”
Claim · model-written summary
plants were associated with opposite pattern.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee0
- Outcome
- opposite patterne0
Not reportedOrgan / stageDirection
Verbatim
e0“the opposite pattern was found for fleshy fruit-producing plants”