Abstract
Due to the imperfect extraction process of 4,7-dimethyl-1-(propan-2-ylidene)− 1,4,4a,8a-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,6(1 H,7 H)-dione (DTD) and the nonconstruction of delivery systems, their practical application in the field of botanical pesticides is limited. To overcome these problems, ultrasound-assisted extraction technology was optimized using Box Behnken design (BBD). The optimal ultrasound extraction conditions of DTD were as follows: time (39 min), solid to liquid ratio (1:31), and temperature (68 ℃). The extraction yield was 0.4528 ± 0.0182 %. Nanoemulsions (NEs) loaded with DTD were prepared and characterized, and the optimal formulation of DTD NEs was determined as follows: 1 wt% DTD, 1.5 wt% S-200, 1 wt% TW-80, and 96.5 wt% deionized water . The NEs prepared by the optimal formula had small contact angles and tension levels, indicating that they had good wetting properties. The larvicidal activity of DTD NEs is similar to that of azadirachtin EC. In the biosafety assessment, the DTD NE treatment group had low levels of cell apoptosis , the toxicity of the DTD NEs to earthworms was low, and the DTD NEs had no adverse effect on maize growth. Therefore, DTD NEs offer a high degree of biosafety. DTD NEs have the potential to serve as a safe, green alternative pesticide for IPM projects to control important agricultural pests.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
The ultrasound extraction yield of DTD from Ageratina adenophora was 0.4528 ± 0.0182 %.
- Taxon
- Ageratina adenophora
_2.jpg?width=60)
Ageratina adenophorat0 - Outcome
- extraction yielde2
- Value
- 0.4528 ± 0.0182 %e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“DTD from Ageratina adenophora”
e2“The extraction yield was 0.4528 ± 0.0182 %”
Claim · model-written summary
The optimal ultrasound extraction time for DTD was 39 min.
- Taxon
- Ageratina adenophoraAgeratina adenophorat0
- Outcome
- timee1
- Value
- 39 mine1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“DTD from Ageratina adenophora”
e1“time (39 min), solid to liquid ratio (1:31), and temperature (68 ℃)”
Claim · model-written summary
The optimal solid to liquid ratio for DTD extraction was 1:31.
- Taxon
- Ageratina adenophoraAgeratina adenophorat0
- Outcome
- solid to liquid ratioe1
- Value
- 1:31e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“DTD from Ageratina adenophora”
e1“time (39 min), solid to liquid ratio (1:31), and temperature (68 ℃)”
Claim · model-written summary
The optimal extraction temperature for DTD was 68 ℃.
- Taxon
- Ageratina adenophoraAgeratina adenophorat0
- Outcome
- temperaturee1
- Value
- 68 ℃e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“DTD from Ageratina adenophora”
e1“time (39 min), solid to liquid ratio (1:31), and temperature (68 ℃)”
Claim · model-written summary
The optimal DTD nanoemulsion formulation contained 1 wt% DTD, 1.5 wt% S-200, 1 wt% TW-80 and 96.5 wt% deionized water.
- Taxon
- Ageratina adenophoraAgeratina adenophorat0
- Outcome
- optimal formulatione3
- Value
- 1 wt% DTD, 1.5 wt% S-200, 1 wt% TW-80, and 96.5 wt% deionized watere3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“DTD from Ageratina adenophora”
e3“the optimal formulation of DTD NEs was determined as follows: 1 wt% DTD, 1.5 wt% S-200, 1 wt% TW-80, and 96.5 wt% deionized water”
Claim · model-written summary
The DTD nanoemulsions had small contact angles and tension levels, indicating good wetting properties.
- Taxon
- Ageratina adenophoraAgeratina adenophorat0
- Outcome
- contact angles and tension levelse4
- Qualifier
- smalle4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“DTD from Ageratina adenophora”
e4“The NEs prepared by the optimal formula had small contact angles and tension levels”
Claim · model-written summary
The larvicidal activity of DTD nanoemulsions was similar to that of azadirachtin EC.
- Taxon
- Ageratina adenophoraAgeratina adenophorat0
- Outcome
- larvicidal activitye5
- Comparator
- azadirachtin ECe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“DTD from Ageratina adenophora”
e5“The larvicidal activity of DTD NEs is similar to that of azadirachtin EC”
Claim · model-written summary
The DTD nanoemulsion treatment group had low levels of cell apoptosis.
- Taxon
- Ageratina adenophoraAgeratina adenophorat0
- Outcome
- cell apoptosise6
- Qualifier
- low levelse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“DTD from Ageratina adenophora”
e6“the DTD NE treatment group had low levels of cell apoptosis”
Claim · model-written summary
DTD nanoemulsions were of low toxicity to earthworms.
- Taxon
- Ageratina adenophoraAgeratina adenophorat0
- Interactor
- earthwormsCrassiclitellatae7other
- Outcome
- toxicitye7
- Qualifier
- lowe7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“DTD from Ageratina adenophora”
e7“the toxicity of the DTD NEs to earthworms was low”
Claim · model-written summary
DTD nanoemulsions had no adverse effect on maize growth.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the DTD NEs had no adverse effect on maize growth”
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