Abstract
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are regarded as an effective artificial light source for producing sprouts, microgreens, and baby leaves. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the influence of different LED lights (white, red, and blue) on the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites (glucosinolates, carotenoids, and phenolics) and the biological effects on kale microgreens. Microgreens irradiated with white LEDs showed higher levels of carotenoids, including lutein, 13-cis-β-carotene, α-carotene, β-carotene, and 9-cis-β-carotene, than those irradiated with red or blue LEDs. These findings were consistent with higher expression levels of carotenoid biosynthetic genes (BoPDS and BoZDS) in white-irradiated kale microgreens. Similarly, microgreens irradiated with white and blue LEDs showed slightly higher levels of glucosinolates, including glucoiberin, progoitrin, sinigrin, and glucobrassicanapin, than those irradiated with red LEDs. These results agree with the high expression levels of BoMYB28-2, BoMYB28-3, and BoMYB29 in white- and blue-irradiated kale microgreens. In contrast, kale microgreens irradiated with blue LEDs contained higher levels of phenolic compounds (gallic acid, catechin, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, and quercetin). According to the total phenolic content (TPC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) inhibition assays, the extracts of kale microgreens irradiated with blue LEDs had slightly higher antioxidant activities, and the DPPH inhibition percentage had a positive correlation with TPC in the microgreens. Furthermore, the extracts of kale microgreens irradiated with blue LEDs exhibited stronger antibacterial properties against normal pathogens and multidrug-resistant pathogens than those irradiated with white and red LEDs. These results indicate that white-LED lights are suitable for carotenoid production, whereas blue-LED lights are efficient in increasing the accumulation of phenolics and their biological activities in kale microgreens.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
White LEDs increased five named carotenoids relative to red or blue LEDs.
- Taxon
- Kale
Brassica oleracea var. viridist0 - Treatment
- white LEDse0
- Outcome
- lutein, 13-cis-β-carotene, α-carotenee0
- Direction
- higher levelse0
- Comparator
- red or blue LEDse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Microgreens irradiated with white LEDs showed higher levels of carotenoids, including lutein, 13-cis-β-carotene, α-carotene, β-carotene, and 9-cis-β-carotene, than those irradiated with red or blue LEDs.”
t0“Kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala)”
Claim · model-written summary
White LEDs increased beta-carotene and 9-cis-beta-carotene relative to red or blue LEDs.
- Taxon
- KaleBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Treatment
- white LEDse0
- Outcome
- β-carotene, and 9-cis-β-carotenee0
- Direction
- higher levelse0
- Comparator
- red or blue LEDse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Microgreens irradiated with white LEDs showed higher levels of carotenoids, including lutein, 13-cis-β-carotene, α-carotene, β-carotene, and 9-cis-β-carotene, than those irradiated with red or blue LEDs.”
t0“Kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala)”
Claim · model-written summary
White light raised BoPDS and BoZDS expression.
- Taxon
- KaleBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Treatment
- white-irradiatede0
- Gene
- BoPDS and BoZDSe0
- Outcome
- expression levelse0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher expression levels of carotenoid biosynthetic genes (BoPDS and BoZDS) in white-irradiated kale microgreens.”
t0“Kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala)”
Claim · model-written summary
White and blue LEDs slightly increased four glucosinolates relative to red LEDs.
- Taxon
- KaleBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Treatment
- white and blue LEDse0
- Outcome
- glucoiberin, progoitrin, sinigrine0
- Direction
- slightly higher levelse0
- Comparator
- red LEDse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“microgreens irradiated with white and blue LEDs showed slightly higher levels of glucosinolates, including glucoiberin, progoitrin, sinigrin, and glucobrassicanapin, than those irradiated with red LEDs.”
t0“Kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala)”
Claim · model-written summary
White and blue LEDs slightly increased glucobrassicanapin relative to red LEDs.
- Taxon
- KaleBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Treatment
- white and blue LEDse0
- Outcome
- glucobrassicanapine0
- Direction
- slightly higher levelse0
- Comparator
- red LEDse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“microgreens irradiated with white and blue LEDs showed slightly higher levels of glucosinolates, including glucoiberin, progoitrin, sinigrin, and glucobrassicanapin, than those irradiated with red LEDs.”
t0“Kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala)”
Claim · model-written summary
White and blue LEDs raised BoMYB28-2, BoMYB28-3 and BoMYB29 expression.
- Taxon
- KaleBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Treatment
- white- and blue-irradiatede0
- Gene
- BoMYB28-2, BoMYB28-3, and BoMYB29e0
- Outcome
- expression levelse0
- Direction
- highe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“high expression levels of BoMYB28-2, BoMYB28-3, and BoMYB29 in white- and blue-irradiated kale microgreens.”
t0“Kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala)”
Claim · model-written summary
Blue LEDs raised five phenolic compounds.
- Taxon
- KaleBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Treatment
- blue LEDse0
- Outcome
- gallic acid, catechin, ferulic acide0
- Direction
- higher levelse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“kale microgreens irradiated with blue LEDs contained higher levels of phenolic compounds (gallic acid, catechin, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, and quercetin).”
t0“Kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala)”
Claim · model-written summary
Blue LEDs raised sinapic acid and quercetin.
- Taxon
- KaleBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Treatment
- blue LEDse0
- Outcome
- sinapic acid, and quercetine0
- Direction
- higher levelse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“kale microgreens irradiated with blue LEDs contained higher levels of phenolic compounds (gallic acid, catechin, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, and quercetin).”
t0“Kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala)”
Claim · model-written summary
Blue LED extracts had slightly higher antioxidant activities.
- Taxon
- KaleBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Treatment
- blue LEDse0
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitiese0
- Direction
- slightly highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“extracts of kale microgreens irradiated with blue LEDs had slightly higher antioxidant activities”
t0“Kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala)”
Claim · model-written summary
DPPH inhibition percentage correlated positively with TPC.
- Taxon
- KaleBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Organ / stage
- microgreense0
- Outcome
- DPPH inhibition percentagee0
- Direction
- positive correlatione0
Not reportedCompound
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the DPPH inhibition percentage had a positive correlation with TPC in the microgreens.”
t0“Kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala)”
Claim · model-written summary
Blue LED extracts had stronger antibacterial properties than white and red LED extracts.
- Taxon
- KaleBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Treatment
- blue LEDse0
- Outcome
- antibacterial propertiese0
- Direction
- strongere0
- Comparator
- white and red LEDse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“extracts of kale microgreens irradiated with blue LEDs exhibited stronger antibacterial properties against normal pathogens and multidrug-resistant pathogens than those irradiated with white and red LEDs.”
t0“Kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors consider white LED lights suitable for carotenoid production.
- Taxon
- KaleBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Treatment
- white-LED lightse0
- Outcome
- suitable for carotenoid productione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“white-LED lights are suitable for carotenoid production”
t0“Kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors consider blue LED lights effective for phenolic accumulation and biological activity.
- Taxon
- KaleBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Treatment
- blue-LED lightse0
- Outcome
- increasing the accumulation of phenolics and their biological activitiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“blue-LED lights are efficient in increasing the accumulation of phenolics and their biological activities in kale microgreens.”
t0“Kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala)”
The same questions in other papers
light · molecular: metabolites · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Positive and negative results
31 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
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30 papers more in this group
See all 34 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.