Abstract
The North China Plain (NCP) has progressively implemented drip irrigation for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production because of its substantial irrigation water saving and improved water and nitrogen (N) use efficiency. Nevertheless, the ideal water-N utilization regime for drip-irrigated winter wheat remains ambiguous. Two years of field experiments were carried out to assess the influences of different N fertigation and water regimes on winter wheat grain yield (GY), evapotranspiration (ETc), water-N productivity, and optimization procedure (TOPSIS). The two irrigation quotas were I45 (Irrigation when ETc reaches 45 mm) and I30 (Irrigation when ETc reaches 30 mm). The six-N application modes were N0–100 (100 % from jointing to booting), N25–75 (25 % at sowing and 75 % from jointing to booting), N50–50 (50 % at sowing and 50 % from jointing to booting), N75–25 (75 % at sowing and 25 % from jointing to booting), N100–0 (100 % at sowing), and SRF100 (240 kg ha−1, 43 % N at sowing). Results demonstrated that optimizing irrigation and N application regimes positively influenced wheat GY, ETc, and water-N productivity. The maximum GY of 9.72 and 9.94 (t ha−1) was achieved in I45N50–50, which had ETc of 376.67 and 378.67 (mm), in 2020–2021 and 2021–2022, respectively. The TOPIS designated I45N50–50 as the best treatment (ranked 1st) based on high GY and minimized ETc. Based on the two years average, the I45N50–50 treatment also resulted in the highest water use efficiency (2.61 kg m−3), irrigation water use efficiency (3.74 kg m−3), and partial factor productivity of nitrogen (40.99 kg kg−1). Considering comprehensively GY, ETc, and water-N productivity, the combination of split N application as 50 % of basal and 50 % of topdressing and 45 mm irrigation quota was an optional choice for winter wheat production under drip irrigation system. These findings could serve as a scientific foundation for water-N management of drip-irrigated wheat in the NCP.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Optimized irrigation and N application regimes positively influenced wheat GY, ETc and water-N productivity.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- optimizing irrigation and N application regimese1
- Outcome
- GY, ETc, and water-N productivitye1
- Direction
- positively influencede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drip irrigation for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production”
e1“optimizing irrigation and N application regimes positively influenced wheat GY, ETc, and water-N productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
The maximum grain yield in 2020–2021 was 9.72 t/ha, achieved with irrigation quota I45 and N application mode N50–50.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- I45N50–50e2
- Outcome
- GYe2
- Direction
- maximume2
- Value
- 9.72e2
- Qualifier
- 2020–2021e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drip irrigation for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production”
e2“The maximum GY of 9.72 and 9.94 (t ha−1) was achieved in I45N50–50”
e3“which had ETc of 376.67 and 378.67 (mm), in 2020–2021 and 2021–2022, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The maximum grain yield in 2021–2022 was 9.94 t/ha, achieved with irrigation quota I45 and N application mode N50–50.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- I45N50–50e2
- Outcome
- GYe2
- Direction
- maximume2
- Value
- 9.94e2
- Qualifier
- 2021–2022e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drip irrigation for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production”
e2“The maximum GY of 9.72 and 9.94 (t ha−1) was achieved in I45N50–50”
e3“which had ETc of 376.67 and 378.67 (mm), in 2020–2021 and 2021–2022, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2020–2021, the I45N50–50 treatment had ETc of 376.67 mm.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- I45N50–50e2
- Outcome
- ETce3
- Value
- 376.67e3
- Qualifier
- 2020–2021e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drip irrigation for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production”
e2“The maximum GY of 9.72 and 9.94 (t ha−1) was achieved in I45N50–50”
e3“which had ETc of 376.67 and 378.67 (mm), in 2020–2021 and 2021–2022, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2021–2022, the I45N50–50 treatment had ETc of 378.67 mm.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- I45N50–50e2
- Outcome
- ETce3
- Value
- 378.67e3
- Qualifier
- 2021–2022e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drip irrigation for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production”
e2“The maximum GY of 9.72 and 9.94 (t ha−1) was achieved in I45N50–50”
e3“which had ETc of 376.67 and 378.67 (mm), in 2020–2021 and 2021–2022, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
TOPSIS ranked the I45N50–50 treatment first as the best treatment, based on high GY and minimized ETc.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- I45N50–50e5
- Outcome
- best treatmente5
- Value
- 1ste5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drip irrigation for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production”
e5“The TOPIS designated I45N50–50 as the best treatment (ranked 1st) based on high GY and minimized ETc”
Claim · model-written summary
The I45N50–50 treatment had the highest water use efficiency, 2.61 kg m−3, on the two-year average.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- I45N50–50e4
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye4
- Direction
- higheste4
- Value
- 2.61 kg m−3e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drip irrigation for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production”
e4“the I45N50–50 treatment also resulted in the highest water use efficiency (2.61 kg m−3), irrigation water use efficiency (3.74 kg m−3), and partial factor productivity of nitrogen (40.99 kg kg−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
The I45N50–50 treatment had the highest irrigation water use efficiency, 3.74 kg m−3, on the two-year average.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- I45N50–50e4
- Outcome
- irrigation water use efficiencye4
- Direction
- higheste4
- Value
- 3.74 kg m−3e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drip irrigation for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production”
e4“the I45N50–50 treatment also resulted in the highest water use efficiency (2.61 kg m−3), irrigation water use efficiency (3.74 kg m−3), and partial factor productivity of nitrogen (40.99 kg kg−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
The I45N50–50 treatment had the highest partial factor productivity of nitrogen, 40.99 kg kg−1, on the two-year average.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- I45N50–50e4
- Outcome
- partial factor productivity of nitrogene4
- Direction
- higheste4
- Value
- 40.99 kg kg−1e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drip irrigation for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production”
e4“the I45N50–50 treatment also resulted in the highest water use efficiency (2.61 kg m−3), irrigation water use efficiency (3.74 kg m−3), and partial factor productivity of nitrogen (40.99 kg kg−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Splitting N as 50% basal and 50% topdressing with a 45 mm irrigation quota is an optional choice for winter wheat under drip irrigation.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume7
- Outcome
- the combination of split N applicatione7
- Qualifier
- optional choicee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“the combination of split N application as 50 % of basal and 50 % of topdressing and 45 mm irrigation quota was an optional choice for winter wheat production under drip irrigation system”