Abstract
Increasing nitrogen fertilization and reduced irrigation regimes can alleviate the negative effect of elevated CO2 (e[CO2]) on fruit quality of tomatoes, yet little is known about the effects of N forms combined with partial root-zone drying irrigation (PRI) on tomato growth and fruit quality under e[CO2]. This study aimed to investigate the response of tomato plants to N forms, PRI and their interactions under e[CO2]. Tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) were grown in split-root pots in climate-controlled growth chambers with CO2 concentration of 400 ppm and 800 ppm, respectively, supplied with two N forms i.e. nitrate nitrogen (NN) and ammonium nitrogen (AN). Three irrigation regimes, i.e. full irrigation (FI), deficit irrigation (DI) and PRI were applied from anthesis to fruit maturity. The results showed that e[CO2] decreased plant water use (WU) while increased biomass accumulation (ΔDW), water use efficiency (WUE) and fruit number (FN). Under e[CO2], AN plants had less ΔDW, leaf area and WU while similar yield, as compared with NN plants. Additionally, under e[CO2] with PRI treatment, AN fruits had greater [N], [K], [N/P], and soluble solid (Brix) to acid ratio, but lower [C/N], [P/K] and acid concentration, and similar fruit [C], [P], [Ca], [Mg] and [S], in comparison with the NN fruits. Collectively, AN treatment combined with PRI under e[CO2] improved fruit mineral nutrition and the flavor of tomato fruits without reduction in yield and WUE. Therefore, AN combined with PRI could be an alternative strategy to improve tomato fruit quality in future drier and CO2-enriched environment.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 decreased tomato plant water use.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- e[CO2]e0
- Outcome
- plant water use (WU)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that e[CO2] decreased plant water use (WU) while increased biomass accumulation (ΔDW), water use efficiency (WUE) and fruit number (FN).”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased tomato biomass accumulation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- e[CO2]e0
- Outcome
- biomass accumulation (ΔDW)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that e[CO2] decreased plant water use (WU) while increased biomass accumulation (ΔDW), water use efficiency (WUE) and fruit number (FN).”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased tomato water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- e[CO2]e0
- Outcome
- water use efficiency (WUE)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that e[CO2] decreased plant water use (WU) while increased biomass accumulation (ΔDW), water use efficiency (WUE) and fruit number (FN).”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased tomato fruit number.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- e[CO2]e0
- Outcome
- fruit number (FN)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that e[CO2] decreased plant water use (WU) while increased biomass accumulation (ΔDW), water use efficiency (WUE) and fruit number (FN).”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Under elevated CO2, ammonium nitrogen plants accumulated less biomass than nitrate nitrogen plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ANe0
- Outcome
- ΔDWe0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Qualifier
- Under e[CO2]e0
- Comparator
- NN plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under e[CO2], AN plants had less ΔDW, leaf area and WU while similar yield, as compared with NN plants.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Under elevated CO2, ammonium nitrogen plants had less leaf area than nitrate nitrogen plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ANe0
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Qualifier
- Under e[CO2]e0
- Comparator
- NN plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under e[CO2], AN plants had less ΔDW, leaf area and WU while similar yield, as compared with NN plants.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Under elevated CO2, ammonium nitrogen plants used less water than nitrate nitrogen plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ANe0
- Outcome
- WUe0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Qualifier
- Under e[CO2]e0
- Comparator
- NN plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under e[CO2], AN plants had less ΔDW, leaf area and WU while similar yield, as compared with NN plants.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Under elevated CO2, ammonium and nitrate nitrogen plants had similar yield.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ANe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- similare0
- Qualifier
- Under e[CO2]e0
- Comparator
- NN plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under e[CO2], AN plants had less ΔDW, leaf area and WU while similar yield, as compared with NN plants.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
With partial root-zone drying under elevated CO2, ammonium nitrogen fruits had greater nitrogen content than nitrate nitrogen fruits.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ANe0
- Outcome
- [N]e0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Qualifier
- under e[CO2] with PRI treatmente0
- Comparator
- NN fruitse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under e[CO2] with PRI treatment, AN fruits had greater [N], [K], [N/P], and soluble solid (Brix) to acid ratio, but lower [C/N], [P/K] and acid concentration, and similar fruit [C], [P], [Ca], [Mg] and [S], in comparison with the NN fruits.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
With partial root-zone drying under elevated CO2, ammonium nitrogen fruits had greater potassium content.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ANe0
- Outcome
- [K]e0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Qualifier
- under e[CO2] with PRI treatmente0
- Comparator
- NN fruitse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under e[CO2] with PRI treatment, AN fruits had greater [N], [K], [N/P], and soluble solid (Brix) to acid ratio, but lower [C/N], [P/K] and acid concentration, and similar fruit [C], [P], [Ca], [Mg] and [S], in comparison with the NN fruits.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
With partial root-zone drying under elevated CO2, ammonium nitrogen fruits had a greater nitrogen to phosphorus ratio.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ANe0
- Outcome
- [N/P]e0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Qualifier
- under e[CO2] with PRI treatmente0
- Comparator
- NN fruitse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under e[CO2] with PRI treatment, AN fruits had greater [N], [K], [N/P], and soluble solid (Brix) to acid ratio, but lower [C/N], [P/K] and acid concentration, and similar fruit [C], [P], [Ca], [Mg] and [S], in comparison with the NN fruits.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
With partial root-zone drying under elevated CO2, ammonium nitrogen fruits had a greater Brix to acid ratio.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ANe0
- Outcome
- soluble solid (Brix) to acid ratioe0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Qualifier
- under e[CO2] with PRI treatmente0
- Comparator
- NN fruitse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under e[CO2] with PRI treatment, AN fruits had greater [N], [K], [N/P], and soluble solid (Brix) to acid ratio, but lower [C/N], [P/K] and acid concentration, and similar fruit [C], [P], [Ca], [Mg] and [S], in comparison with the NN fruits.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
With partial root-zone drying under elevated CO2, ammonium nitrogen fruits had a lower carbon to nitrogen ratio.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ANe0
- Outcome
- [C/N]e0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- under e[CO2] with PRI treatmente0
- Comparator
- NN fruitse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under e[CO2] with PRI treatment, AN fruits had greater [N], [K], [N/P], and soluble solid (Brix) to acid ratio, but lower [C/N], [P/K] and acid concentration, and similar fruit [C], [P], [Ca], [Mg] and [S], in comparison with the NN fruits.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
With partial root-zone drying under elevated CO2, ammonium nitrogen fruits had a lower phosphorus to potassium ratio.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ANe0
- Outcome
- [P/K]e0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- under e[CO2] with PRI treatmente0
- Comparator
- NN fruitse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under e[CO2] with PRI treatment, AN fruits had greater [N], [K], [N/P], and soluble solid (Brix) to acid ratio, but lower [C/N], [P/K] and acid concentration, and similar fruit [C], [P], [Ca], [Mg] and [S], in comparison with the NN fruits.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
With partial root-zone drying under elevated CO2, ammonium nitrogen fruits had lower acid concentration.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ANe0
- Outcome
- acid concentratione0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- under e[CO2] with PRI treatmente0
- Comparator
- NN fruitse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under e[CO2] with PRI treatment, AN fruits had greater [N], [K], [N/P], and soluble solid (Brix) to acid ratio, but lower [C/N], [P/K] and acid concentration, and similar fruit [C], [P], [Ca], [Mg] and [S], in comparison with the NN fruits.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
With partial root-zone drying under elevated CO2, ammonium and nitrate nitrogen fruits had similar carbon, phosphorus and calcium content.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ANe0
- Outcome
- fruit [C], [P], [Ca]e0
- Direction
- similare0
- Qualifier
- under e[CO2] with PRI treatmente0
- Comparator
- NN fruitse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under e[CO2] with PRI treatment, AN fruits had greater [N], [K], [N/P], and soluble solid (Brix) to acid ratio, but lower [C/N], [P/K] and acid concentration, and similar fruit [C], [P], [Ca], [Mg] and [S], in comparison with the NN fruits.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
With partial root-zone drying under elevated CO2, ammonium and nitrate nitrogen fruits had similar magnesium and sulfur content.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ANe0
- Outcome
- [Mg] and [S]e0
- Direction
- similare0
- Qualifier
- under e[CO2] with PRI treatmente0
- Comparator
- NN fruitse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under e[CO2] with PRI treatment, AN fruits had greater [N], [K], [N/P], and soluble solid (Brix) to acid ratio, but lower [C/N], [P/K] and acid concentration, and similar fruit [C], [P], [Ca], [Mg] and [S], in comparison with the NN fruits.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend ammonium nitrogen with partial root-zone drying for tomato fruit quality in future drier, CO2-enriched environments.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- AN combined with PRI could be an alternative strategy to improve tomato fruit qualitye0
- Qualifier
- future drier and CO2-enriched environmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AN combined with PRI could be an alternative strategy to improve tomato fruit quality in future drier and CO2-enriched environment.”
The same questions in other papers
nitrogen · quality: sugar starch · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results differ
23 papers in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
27 papers more in this group
See all 31 papers →co2 · yield · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results differ
31 papers in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- no effect
35 papers more in this group
See all 39 papers →nitrogen · nutrient: content · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results differ
17 papers in the same direction as this paper · 59 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- positive
73 papers more in this group
See all 77 papers →co2 · physiology: water · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
15 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- no effect
- negative
15 papers more in this group
See all 19 papers →nitrogen · molecular: metabolites · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
25 papers in the same direction as this paper · 18 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- positive
- negative
42 papers more in this group
See all 46 papers →co2 · growth · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
58 papers in the same direction as this paper · 15 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- no effect
- negative
71 papers more in this group
See all 75 papers →nitrogen · growth · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
44 papers in the same direction as this paper · 108 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
149 papers more in this group
See all 153 papers →nitrogen · yield · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
37 papers in the same direction as this paper · 172 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- negative
- negative
206 papers more in this group
See all 210 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.