Abstract
Controlling early blight of tomatoes using endophytic bacteria is an eco-friendly and sustainable approach to manage this common fungal disease caused by Alternaria solani, Alternaria alternata , and Curvularia lunata . Endophytic bacteria are microorganisms that live inside plant tissues without causing harm and can help protect the host plant from pathogens. In this work, twenty endophytic bacterial isolates from tomato healthy plants were tested against pathogenic fungal isolates that caused early blight disease in vitro . Out of the 20 tested isolates, three (B4, B7, and B17) were considered effective isolates against the growth of fungal pathogens. The three isolates were recognized as Enterobacter cloacae HS-6 (B4), Pseudomonas gessardii HS-5 (B 7), and Pseudomonas mediterranea HS-4 (B17) using 16s-rDNA sequencing. Different concentrations of bacterial cultural diltrates at 20, 40, and 60% were tested for their antagonistic effects on the development of pathogenic fungi in vitro . The lowest dry weights of pathogenic isolates in all bacterial culture filtrates were discovered at 60%. In all culture filtrates, phenolic compounds showed the largest peak area. Under greenhouse conditions, the least disease severity of tomato early blight was found for E. cloacae and its culture filtrate compared to other treatments. Real-time PCR was used to examine the expression pattern of the defense response gene β-1.3 glucanase gene in infected tomato plants with pathogenic fungi (control) as well as its relations with efficient biocontrol agent ( E. cloacae ). The expression of the gene increased substantially and significantly after three days from the inoculation-infected plants with C. lunata and E. cloacae while it reached the maximum after five days from the inoculation with A. alternata , A. solani and E. cloacae . Our study concluded that the endophytic bacterial isolate E. cloacae can be considered a promising biocontrol agent for preventing tomato early blight.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Three of the 20 endophytic bacterial isolates were effective against the growth of fungal pathogens in vitro.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt1 - Treatment
- endophytic bacterial isolatese2
- Interactor
- fungal pathogense1pathogen
- Second interactor
- endophytic bacterial isolatese2biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- growth of fungal pathogense1
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede1
- Setting
- in vitroe2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“Out of the 20 tested isolates, three (B4, B7, and B17) were considered effective isolates against the growth of fungal pathogens”
e2“twenty endophytic bacterial isolates from tomato healthy plants were tested against pathogenic fungal isolates that caused early blight disease in vitro”
Claim · model-written summary
Lowest pathogen dry weights were obtained with bacterial culture filtrates at 60%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt1
- Treatment
- bacterial culture filtratese1
- Interactor
- pathogenic isolatese1pathogen
- Outcome
- dry weights of pathogenic isolatese1
- Direction
- loweste1
- Value
- 60%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“The lowest dry weights of pathogenic isolates in all bacterial culture filtrates were discovered at 60%”
Claim · model-written summary
Phenolic compounds showed the largest peak area in all culture filtrates.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt1
- Outcome
- peak areae1
- Qualifier
- phenolic compounds showed the largeste1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“In all culture filtrates, phenolic compounds showed the largest peak area”
Claim · model-written summary
E. cloacae and its culture filtrate gave the least tomato early blight disease severity under greenhouse conditions.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt1
- Treatment
- E. cloacae and its culture filtratee1
- Interactor
- E. cloacae
Enterobacter cloacaee1biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- disease severity of tomato early blighte1
- Direction
- leaste1
- Comparator
- other treatmentse1
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“Under greenhouse conditions, the least disease severity of tomato early blight was found for E. cloacae and its culture filtrate compared to other treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Defence gene β-1.3 glucanase expression increased significantly after three days in tomato plants inoculated with C. lunata and E. cloacae.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt1
- Treatment
- inoculatione1
- Interactor
- C. lunata
Curvularia lunatae1pathogen - Second interactor
- E. cloacaeEnterobacter cloacaee1biocontrol_agent
- Gene
- β-1.3 glucanase genee2
- Outcome
- expression of the genee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- after three dayse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“The expression of the gene increased substantially and significantly after three days from the inoculation-infected plants with C. lunata and E. cloacae while it reached the maximum after five days from the inoculation with A. alternata , A. solani and E. cloacae”
e2“defense response gene β-1.3 glucanase gene”
Claim · model-written summary
Defence gene β-1.3 glucanase expression reached its maximum after five days in tomato plants inoculated with A. alternata and E. cloacae.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt1
- Treatment
- inoculatione1
- Interactor
- A. alternata
.jpg?width=60)
Alternaria alternatae1pathogen - Second interactor
- E. cloacaeEnterobacter cloacaee1biocontrol_agent
- Gene
- β-1.3 glucanase genee2
- Outcome
- expression of the genee1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Qualifier
- after five dayse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t1“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“The expression of the gene increased substantially and significantly after three days from the inoculation-infected plants with C. lunata and E. cloacae while it reached the maximum after five days from the inoculation with A. alternata , A. solani and E. cloacae”
e2“defense response gene β-1.3 glucanase gene”
Claim · model-written summary
Defence gene β-1.3 glucanase expression reached its maximum after five days in tomato plants inoculated with A. solani and E. cloacae.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt1
- Treatment
- inoculatione1
- Interactor
- A. solani
Alternaria solanie1pathogen - Second interactor
- E. cloacaeEnterobacter cloacaee1biocontrol_agent
- Gene
- β-1.3 glucanase genee2
- Outcome
- expression of the genee1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Qualifier
- after five dayse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“The expression of the gene increased substantially and significantly after three days from the inoculation-infected plants with C. lunata and E. cloacae while it reached the maximum after five days from the inoculation with A. alternata , A. solani and E. cloacae”
e2“defense response gene β-1.3 glucanase gene”
Claim · model-written summary
E. cloacae is recommended as a promising biocontrol agent for preventing tomato early blight.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt1
- Interactor
- E. cloacaeEnterobacter cloacaee1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- a promising biocontrol agent for preventing tomato early blighte1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“Our study concluded that the endophytic bacterial isolate E. cloacae can be considered a promising biocontrol agent for preventing tomato early blight”
Claim · model-written summary
Enterobacter cloacae HS-6 was recognised as one of three effective isolates by 16S rDNA sequencing.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt1
- Material
- Enterobacter cloacae HS-6e1
- Outcome
- recognized ase1
- Qualifier
- using 16s-rDNA sequencinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“The three isolates were recognized as Enterobacter cloacae HS-6 (B4), Pseudomonas gessardii HS-5 (B 7), and Pseudomonas mediterranea HS-4 (B17) using 16s-rDNA sequencing”
Claim · model-written summary
Pseudomonas gessardii HS-5 was recognised as one of three effective isolates by 16S rDNA sequencing.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt1
- Material
- Pseudomonas gessardii HS-5e1
- Outcome
- recognized ase1
- Qualifier
- using 16s-rDNA sequencinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“The three isolates were recognized as Enterobacter cloacae HS-6 (B4), Pseudomonas gessardii HS-5 (B 7), and Pseudomonas mediterranea HS-4 (B17) using 16s-rDNA sequencing”
Claim · model-written summary
Pseudomonas mediterranea HS-4 was recognised as one of three effective isolates by 16S rDNA sequencing.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt1
- Material
- Pseudomonas mediterranea HS-4e1
- Outcome
- recognized ase1
- Qualifier
- using 16s-rDNA sequencinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“The three isolates were recognized as Enterobacter cloacae HS-6 (B4), Pseudomonas gessardii HS-5 (B 7), and Pseudomonas mediterranea HS-4 (B17) using 16s-rDNA sequencing”
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