Abstract
Abstract Chemical exudates from some plants to the environment have been reported as causative agents of adverse effect on growth of neighboring plants and thus affecting normal growth in their natural environment. The mode of action of Chemical exudates on plants is involves a large number of biochemical reactions. This research aimed to investigate the effect of foliar application of different levels of two bacterial species and five aqueous plant extracts on the yield and yield components of Oryza sativa L. and Echinochloa crus-galli L. This research was conducted as a factorial based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three factors with three replications during the 2017–2018 crop year. The main factor included aqueous extracts of Sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L. Moench ), Broccoli ( Brassica oleracea var. Italica ), Nettle ( Urtica dioica ), Eucalyptus ( Eucalyptus globulus Labill), Elderberry ( Sambucus nigra L.), and Streptomyces sp-albos containing thaxtomin, Xanthomonas campestris , and control (without aqueous plant extracts and surfactant). The sub-factor includes foliar application treatment with different levels of zero (control), 5, 10, and 15% of extracts, and the third experimental factor included Oryza sativa L. and E. crus-galli L. The results indicated the plant height, leaf area index (LAI), grain yield, biological yield, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and grain protein content decreased, and the grain starch content increased with increasing the extract concentration; the highest effect was obtained at 15% of extracts. The lowest value of leaf area index (3.13) were found in higher concentration of X. campestris followed by Elderberry extract (5%, 10% and 15%) and Nettle (10%) extracts. It was also found that using extract reduced yield characteristics and components of Oryza sativa L., E. crus-galli L., and Elderberry extract showed the highest negative effect. According to the results, Oryza sativa L. had higher plant height, LAI, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, chlorophyll, grain protein content, and grain starch content than E. crus-galli L. In all extractions, control treatment had the highest number of panicles plant −1 in both plants (rice and E. crus-galli L., 260.1 and 117.1 mg g −1 FW). The results suggested that various extracts, especially Nettle , and 15% of Elderberry can control E. crus-galli L. at the germination stage under field conditions.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing extract concentration decreased rice plant height, leaf area index and grain yield.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- aqueous plant extractse0
- Outcome
- plant height, leaf area index (LAI), grain yielde1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Comparator
- zero (control)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar application of different levels of two bacterial species and five aqueous plant extracts on the yield and yield components of Oryza sativa L. and Echinochloa crus-galli L”
e1“The results indicated the plant height, leaf area index (LAI), grain yield, biological yield, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and grain protein content decreased, and the grain starch content increased with increasing the extract concentration; the highest effect was obtained at 15% of extracts”
e2“zero (control), 5, 10, and 15% of extracts”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing extract concentration decreased rice biological yield and chlorophyll a and b.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativae0
- Treatment
- aqueous plant extractse0
- Outcome
- biological yield, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll be1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Comparator
- zero (control)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar application of different levels of two bacterial species and five aqueous plant extracts on the yield and yield components of Oryza sativa L. and Echinochloa crus-galli L”
e1“The results indicated the plant height, leaf area index (LAI), grain yield, biological yield, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and grain protein content decreased, and the grain starch content increased with increasing the extract concentration; the highest effect was obtained at 15% of extracts”
e2“zero (control), 5, 10, and 15% of extracts”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing extract concentration decreased rice total chlorophyll and grain protein content.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativae0
- Treatment
- aqueous plant extractse0
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll, and grain protein contente1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Comparator
- zero (control)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar application of different levels of two bacterial species and five aqueous plant extracts on the yield and yield components of Oryza sativa L. and Echinochloa crus-galli L”
e1“The results indicated the plant height, leaf area index (LAI), grain yield, biological yield, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and grain protein content decreased, and the grain starch content increased with increasing the extract concentration; the highest effect was obtained at 15% of extracts”
e2“zero (control), 5, 10, and 15% of extracts”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing extract concentration increased rice grain starch content.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativae0
- Treatment
- aqueous plant extractse0
- Outcome
- grain starch contente1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- zero (control)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar application of different levels of two bacterial species and five aqueous plant extracts on the yield and yield components of Oryza sativa L. and Echinochloa crus-galli L”
e1“The results indicated the plant height, leaf area index (LAI), grain yield, biological yield, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and grain protein content decreased, and the grain starch content increased with increasing the extract concentration; the highest effect was obtained at 15% of extracts”
e2“zero (control), 5, 10, and 15% of extracts”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest effect of extracts on rice was obtained at 15% extract concentration.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativae0
- Treatment
- 15% of extractse1
- Outcome
- effecte1
- Direction
- higheste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar application of different levels of two bacterial species and five aqueous plant extracts on the yield and yield components of Oryza sativa L. and Echinochloa crus-galli L”
e1“The results indicated the plant height, leaf area index (LAI), grain yield, biological yield, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and grain protein content decreased, and the grain starch content increased with increasing the extract concentration; the highest effect was obtained at 15% of extracts”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher concentration of X. campestris gave the lowest rice leaf area index (3.13).
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativae0
- Treatment
- higher concentration of X. campestrise3
- Outcome
- leaf area indexe3
- Direction
- loweste3
- Value
- 3.13e3
- Comparator
- Elderberry extract (5%, 10% and 15%)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar application of different levels of two bacterial species and five aqueous plant extracts on the yield and yield components of Oryza sativa L. and Echinochloa crus-galli L”
e3“The lowest value of leaf area index (3.13) were found in higher concentration of X. campestris followed by Elderberry extract (5%, 10% and 15%) and Nettle (10%) extracts”
Claim · model-written summary
Using extracts reduced yield characteristics and components of rice, with Elderberry extract showing the highest negative effect.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativae0
- Treatment
- using extracte4
- Outcome
- yield characteristics and components of Oryza sativa L.e4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Qualifier
- Elderberry extract showed the highest negative effecte4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar application of different levels of two bacterial species and five aqueous plant extracts on the yield and yield components of Oryza sativa L. and Echinochloa crus-galli L”
e4“It was also found that using extract reduced yield characteristics and components of Oryza sativa L., E. crus-galli L., and Elderberry extract showed the highest negative effect”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice had higher plant height, leaf area index and grain yield than barnyardgrass.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativae0
- Outcome
- plant height, LAI, grain yielde5
- Direction
- highere5
- Comparator
- E. crus-galli L.e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar application of different levels of two bacterial species and five aqueous plant extracts on the yield and yield components of Oryza sativa L. and Echinochloa crus-galli L”
e5“Oryza sativa L. had higher plant height, LAI, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, chlorophyll, grain protein content, and grain starch content than E. crus-galli L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice had higher biological yield, harvest index and chlorophyll than barnyardgrass.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativae0
- Outcome
- biological yield, harvest index, chlorophylle5
- Direction
- highere5
- Comparator
- E. crus-galli L.e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar application of different levels of two bacterial species and five aqueous plant extracts on the yield and yield components of Oryza sativa L. and Echinochloa crus-galli L”
e5“Oryza sativa L. had higher plant height, LAI, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, chlorophyll, grain protein content, and grain starch content than E. crus-galli L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice had higher grain protein and grain starch content than barnyardgrass.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativae0
- Outcome
- grain protein content, and grain starch contente5
- Direction
- highere5
- Comparator
- E. crus-galli L.e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar application of different levels of two bacterial species and five aqueous plant extracts on the yield and yield components of Oryza sativa L. and Echinochloa crus-galli L”
e5“Oryza sativa L. had higher plant height, LAI, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, chlorophyll, grain protein content, and grain starch content than E. crus-galli L.”
Claim · model-written summary
The control treatment had the highest number of panicles per plant in rice.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativae0
- Interactor
- E. crus-galli L.
Echinochloa crus-gallie6weed - Outcome
- number of panicles plant −1e6
- Direction
- higheste6
- Value
- 260.1 and 117.1 mg g −1 FWe6
- Comparator
- control treatmente6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar application of different levels of two bacterial species and five aqueous plant extracts on the yield and yield components of Oryza sativa L. and Echinochloa crus-galli L”
e6“In all extractions, control treatment had the highest number of panicles plant −1 in both plants (rice and E. crus-galli L., 260.1 and 117.1 mg g −1 FW)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nettle and 15% Elderberry extracts can control barnyardgrass at the germination stage under field conditions.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Nettlee7
- Interactor
- E. crus-galli L.Echinochloa crus-gallie7weed
- Outcome
- control E. crus-galli L. at the germination stage under field conditionse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar application of different levels of two bacterial species and five aqueous plant extracts on the yield and yield components of Oryza sativa L. and Echinochloa crus-galli L”
e7“The results suggested that various extracts, especially Nettle , and 15% of Elderberry can control E. crus-galli L. at the germination stage under field conditions”
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