Abstract
Abstract Spot spraying applications offer the opportunity to target specific weeds in a field, while simultaneously reducing herbicide usage and increasing the long‐term efficacy of chemical control options. The study is focused on controlling California weedy rice accessions ( Oryza spp.) and problematic grass weeds with a spot spray application of clethodim in a flooded rice system. The efficacy of incorporating nonionic surfactant to clethodim applications was also assessed. Dose‐response experiments were carried out in a greenhouse on five weedy rice accessions, common grass rice weeds, and cultivated rice varieties L207, M105, M206, M209, M211, and S102 to determine the dose needed to affect these populations. Clethodim was applied in a field setting to assess spot spraying efficacy, the possibility of herbicide dispersion in the water, and crop injury. Clethodim successfully controlled weedy rice and grasses in the greenhouse. The effective rates to control 90% of the five test populations (ED 90 ) were between 51 and 74 g ai ha −1 clethodim for weedy rice accessions. Adding nonionic surfactant to clethodim increased its efficacy by 1.6‐ to 1.9‐fold. Cultivated rice varieties did not exhibit any tolerance to clethodim, however, spot spraying applications at 150 g ai ha −1 clethodim did not cause any dispersion in the field. Clethodim spot spray application was effective both at the three‐ to four‐leaf growth stage and tillering growth stage for weedy rice.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Clethodim controlled weedy rice in the greenhouse.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- Clethodime0
- Interactor
- weedy ricee0weed
- Outcome
- weedy ricee0
- Direction
- controllede0
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Clethodim successfully controlled weedy rice and grasses in the greenhouse.”
t0“California rice fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Clethodim controlled grasses in the greenhouse.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Clethodime0
- Interactor
- grassese0weed
- Outcome
- grassese0
- Direction
- controllede0
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Clethodim successfully controlled weedy rice and grasses in the greenhouse.”
t0“California rice fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Rates of 51 to 74 g ai ha −1 clethodim controlled 90% of five weedy-rice test populations.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- clethodime0
- Interactor
- weedy ricee0weed
- Outcome
- control 90% of the five test populationse0
- Direction
- controle0
- Value
- 51 and 74 g ai ha −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effective rates to control 90% of the five test populations (ED 90 ) were between 51 and 74 g ai ha −1 clethodim for weedy rice accessions.”
t0“California rice fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Nonionic surfactant increased clethodim efficacy 1.6‐ to 1.9‐fold.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Adding nonionic surfactant to clethodime0
- Interactor
- weedy ricet0weed
- Outcome
- efficacye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.6‐ to 1.9‐folde0
- Comparator
- clethodime0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Adding nonionic surfactant to clethodim increased its efficacy by 1.6‐ to 1.9‐fold.”
t0“weedy rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivated rice varieties showed no tolerance to clethodim.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- clethodime0
- Outcome
- tolerancee0
- Direction
- did not exhibit anye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cultivated rice varieties did not exhibit any tolerance to clethodim”
Claim · model-written summary
Spot spraying at 150 g ai ha −1 did not disperse clethodim in the field.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- dispersione0
- Value
- 150 g ai ha −1e0
- Setting
- fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spot spraying applications at 150 g ai ha −1 clethodim did not cause any dispersion in the field.”
t0“California rice fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Clethodim spot spray was effective at the three‐ to four‐leaf stage of weedy rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- three‐ to four‐leaf growth stagee0
- Treatment
- Clethodim spot spray applicatione0
- Interactor
- weedy ricee0weed
- Outcome
- weedy ricee0
- Direction
- effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Clethodim spot spray application was effective both at the three‐ to four‐leaf growth stage and tillering growth stage for weedy rice.”
t0“California rice fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Clethodim spot spray was effective at the tillering stage of weedy rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- tillering growth stagee0
- Treatment
- Clethodim spot spray applicatione0
- Interactor
- weedy ricee0weed
- Outcome
- weedy ricee0
- Direction
- effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Clethodim spot spray application was effective both at the three‐ to four‐leaf growth stage and tillering growth stage for weedy rice.”
t0“California rice fields”
The same questions in other papers
clethodim · control · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
application · organism · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
21 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- negative
23 papers more in this group
See all 27 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.