Abstract
Abstract Oat is a worldwide cultivated crop with nutritional, ecological and economic value. The hardness of oat is closely related to the damage to the grain during harvesting, washing, threshing and hulling, and has an important impact on the processing quality and eating quality of oats. Vromindolines are a group of proteins specific to the Avena genus and are responsible for the softness of oat endosperm. Avena nuda is an allohexaploid, and is an important grain and feed crop in China. Vromindolines have been studied in the genus Oat, but have not been reported in Avena nuda . In this study, we performed paraffin sectioning and scanning electron microscopy analysis on oat kernels with different hardness, and the sequence characteristics, allelic variation, expression patterns and subcellular localization of Vromindoline-1 and Vromindoline-3 genes in Avena nuda were also analyzed. The results showed that the cell structure and ultrastructure of soft oat variety grains are significantly different from those of hard oats variety. PCR amplification and sequence analysis showed that the lengths of AnVin-1 and AnVin-3 genes were 444 and 429 bp, respectively, and AnVin-1 existed in the oat A, C and D genomes. Expression analysis in different tissues showed that AnVin-1A , AnVin-1C , AnVin-1D and AnVin-3C were expressed to varying degree in roots, stems and leaves. Expression analysis at the panicle developmental stage showed that the expression levels of these four genes first increased and then decreased, with the highest expression levels at 14 days after pollination. In addition, the expression levels of AnVin-1C and AnVin-3C in soft oat variety were higher than those in hard oats at 14 DAP. Among the single nucleotide polymorphisms among 18 AnVin-1C and 9 AnVin-3C gene sequences, AnVin-1C6 and AnVin-3C2 genes had three haplotypes in a oat natural population. Based on the allelic variation sites of AnVin-1C6 , a cleavage amplified polymorphic sequence marker was established, which explained 1.44% of the variation in hardness. The above results of this study indicated that AnVin-1 and AnVin-3 genes were involved in kernel development and might affect kernel firmness.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Grains of the soft oat variety differ significantly from hard oat variety in cell structure and ultrastructure.
- Taxon
- Avena nuda
Avena nudat0 - Material
- soft oat varietye0
- Organ / stage
- grainse0
- Outcome
- cell structure and ultrastructuree0
- Comparator
- hard oats varietye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Avena nuda L.”
e0“The results showed that the cell structure and ultrastructure of soft oat variety grains are significantly different from those of hard oats variety”
Claim · model-written summary
AnVin-1 and AnVin-3 gene lengths are 444 and 429 bp, respectively.
- Taxon
- Avena nudaAvena nudat0
- Gene
- AnVin-1 and AnVin-3 genese1
- Outcome
- lengths of AnVin-1 and AnVin-3 genese1
- Value
- 444 and 429 bpe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Avena nuda L.”
e1“the lengths of AnVin-1 and AnVin-3 genes were 444 and 429 bp”
Claim · model-written summary
AnVin-1 is present in the A, C and D genomes of oat.
- Taxon
- Avena nudaAvena nudat0
- Gene
- AnVin-1e2
- Outcome
- existed in the oat A, C and D genomese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Avena nuda L.”
e2“AnVin-1 existed in the oat A, C and D genomes”
Claim · model-written summary
AnVin-1A, AnVin-1C and AnVin-1D were expressed to varying degree in roots, stems and leaves.
- Taxon
- Avena nudaAvena nudat0
- Organ / stage
- roots, stems and leavese3
- Gene
- AnVin-1A , AnVin-1C , AnVin-1De3
- Outcome
- expressed to varying degreee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Avena nuda L.”
e3“AnVin-1A , AnVin-1C , AnVin-1D and AnVin-3C were expressed to varying degree in roots, stems and leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
AnVin-3C was expressed to varying degree in roots, stems and leaves.
- Taxon
- Avena nudaAvena nudat0
- Organ / stage
- roots, stems and leavese3
- Gene
- AnVin-3Ce3
- Outcome
- expressed to varying degreee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Avena nuda L.”
e3“AnVin-1A , AnVin-1C , AnVin-1D and AnVin-3C were expressed to varying degree in roots, stems and leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Expression levels of the four genes first increased and then decreased during panicle development.
- Taxon
- Avena nudaAvena nudat0
- Organ / stage
- panicle developmental stagee4
- Outcome
- expression levelse4
- Direction
- first increased and then decreasede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Avena nuda L.”
e4“Expression analysis at the panicle developmental stage showed that the expression levels of these four genes first increased and then decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
Expression levels of the four genes were highest at 14 days after pollination.
- Taxon
- Avena nudaAvena nudat0
- Organ / stage
- 14 days after pollinatione5
- Outcome
- expression levelse5
- Direction
- higheste5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Avena nuda L.”
e5“with the highest expression levels at 14 days after pollination”
Claim · model-written summary
AnVin-1C and AnVin-3C expression was higher in the soft oat variety than in hard oats at 14 DAP.
- Taxon
- Avena nudaAvena nudat0
- Material
- soft oat varietye5
- Organ / stage
- 14 DAPe5
- Gene
- AnVin-1C and AnVin-3Ce5
- Outcome
- expression levelse5
- Direction
- highere5
- Comparator
- hard oatse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Avena nuda L.”
e5“the expression levels of AnVin-1C and AnVin-3C in soft oat variety were higher than those in hard oats at 14 DAP”
Claim · model-written summary
AnVin-1C6 and AnVin-3C2 genes had three haplotypes in an oat natural population.
- Taxon
- Avena nudaAvena nudat0
- Material
- oat natural populatione6
- Gene
- AnVin-1C6 and AnVin-3C2e6
- Outcome
- haplotypese6
- Value
- three haplotypese6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Avena nuda L.”
e6“AnVin-1C6 and AnVin-3C2 genes had three haplotypes in a oat natural population”
Claim · model-written summary
A CAPS marker based on AnVin-1C6 explained 1.44% of the variation in kernel hardness.
- Taxon
- Avena nudaAvena nudat0
- Gene
- AnVin-1C6e7
- Outcome
- variation in hardnesse7
- Value
- 1.44%e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Avena nuda L.”
e7“Based on the allelic variation sites of AnVin-1C6 , a cleavage amplified polymorphic sequence marker was established, which explained 1.44% of the variation in hardness”
Claim · model-written summary
AnVin-1 and AnVin-3 genes may be involved in kernel development and affect kernel firmness.
- Taxon
- Avena nudaAvena nudat0
- Gene
- AnVin-1 and AnVin-3 genese1
- Outcome
- kernel firmnesse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Avena nuda L.”
e1“AnVin-1 and AnVin-3 genes were involved in kernel development and might affect kernel firmness”