Abstract
With the escalating water scarcity in agriculture, a novel water-saving technique has emerged: drip irrigation with plastic film mulch (DI). Root function is crucial for sustaining rice production, and understanding its response to DI is essential. However, few studies have evaluated root systems in rice varietals and examined which kind of root system contributes to improving rice grain yield and water productivity in DI. If varietal differences of root reactions for water regimes were made clear, it might be more effective to find suitable varieties for DI and to improve grain yield in the DI system. To fill this knowledge gap, we conducted a two-year field experiment comparing two irrigation systems: continuous flooding (CF) and DI. We analyzed their effectiveness with four rice cultivars, including upland, F1 lowland, animal feed lowland, and lowland cultivars. Vertical root distribution, root bleeding rate, photosynthetic-associated parameters, water productivity, and yield performance were analyzed. In our study, the average grain yield of cultivars in the DI system (6.4 t/ha) was equivalent to those in the CF system (6.6 t/ha). The average water productivity under DI (0.34–0.75 kg m−3) demonstrated significant water-saving potential, saving approximately 35% of the total water supplied, resulting in higher water productivity compared to CF (0.27–0.51 kg m−3). Among the cultivars, the deep root weight of the upland cultivar significantly increased by 51% under DI compared to CF. The deep root ratio was positively correlated with the transpiration rate, grain yield, and water productivity, suggesting its contribution to high transpiration, thus maintaining a high carbon assimilation rate that results in high yield and water productivity. Therefore, deep roots are a notable trait corresponding to high yield under DI, and should be considered for the development of rice growth models for DI and the breeding of aerobic-adapted cultivars.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Rice grain yield under drip irrigation averaged 6.4 t/ha, equivalent to 6.6 t/ha under continuous flooding.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae1 - Treatment
- DI systeme0
- Outcome
- average grain yielde0
- Direction
- equivalente0
- Value
- 6.4 t/hae0
- Qualifier
- 6.6 t/hae0
- Comparator
- CF systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the average grain yield of cultivars in the DI system (6.4 t/ha) was equivalent to those in the CF system (6.6 t/ha)”
e1“rice cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Drip irrigation saved approximately 35% of total water supplied compared with flooding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- drip irrigation with plastic film mulche2
- Outcome
- total water suppliede0
- Direction
- savinge0
- Value
- approximately 35%e0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“saving approximately 35% of the total water supplied, resulting in higher water productivity compared to CF”
e1“rice cultivars”
e2“drip irrigation with plastic film mulch (DI)”
Claim · model-written summary
Water productivity under drip irrigation was higher than under flooding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- DIe0
- Outcome
- water productivitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 0.34–0.75 kg m−3e0
- Qualifier
- 0.27–0.51 kg m−3e0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The average water productivity under DI (0.34–0.75 kg m−3) demonstrated significant water-saving potential, saving approximately 35% of the total water supplied, resulting in higher water productivity compared to CF (0.27–0.51 kg m−3).”
e1“rice cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep root weight of the upland rice cultivar increased 51% under drip irrigation compared with flooding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Material
- upland cultivare0
- Treatment
- DIe0
- Outcome
- deep root weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 51%e0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the deep root weight of the upland cultivar significantly increased by 51% under DI compared to CF”
e1“rice cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep root ratio was positively correlated with transpiration rate in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- deep roote0
- Outcome
- transpiration ratee0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The deep root ratio was positively correlated with the transpiration rate, grain yield, and water productivity”
e1“rice cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep root ratio was positively correlated with rice grain yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- deep roote0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The deep root ratio was positively correlated with the transpiration rate, grain yield, and water productivity”
e1“rice cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep root ratio was positively correlated with rice water productivity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- deep roote0
- Outcome
- water productivitye0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The deep root ratio was positively correlated with the transpiration rate, grain yield, and water productivity”
e1“rice cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep roots should be considered in rice growth models for drip irrigation and breeding aerobic-adapted cultivars.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- development of rice growth models for DI and the breeding of aerobic-adapted cultivarse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“deep roots are a notable trait corresponding to high yield under DI, and should be considered for the development of rice growth models for DI and the breeding of aerobic-adapted cultivars”
e1“rice cultivars”