Abstract
Multiple herbicide-resistant (MHR) Palmer amaranth is a troublesome weed in several crops across the USA, including corn. Due to unavoidable weather conditions, it is sometimes not possible for growers to apply pre-emergence herbicide; therefore, post-emergence (POST) herbicide is needed for effective control of MHR Palmer amaranth. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of POST herbicides applied at two heights (10-15 cm and 20-30 cm) for MHR Palmer amaranth control and their effect on Palmer amaranth biomass, density, and seed production as well as yield of glufosinate/glyphosate-resistant corn. Field experiments were conducted at a grower’s field near Carleton, Nebraska, USA in 2020 and 2021. Control of MHR Palmer amaranth was affected by the plant height when herbicides were applied. Glufosinate, dicamba, dicamba/diflufenzopyr, and dicamba/tembotrione applied to 10-15 cm tall Palmer amaranth provided ≥ 94% control 30 d after EPOST (DAEPOST), whereas atrazine/bicyclopyone/mesotrione/ S -metolachlor applied to 20-30 cm tall MHR Palmer amaranth provided 85% control in 2021. Glufosinate provided 85% to 90% control when applied to 20-30 cm tall Palmer amaranth in both years. At 90 DALPOST, dicamba, dicamba/diflufenzopyr, and dicamba/tembotrione applied to 10-15 cm tall Palmer amaranth provided ≥ 88% control. Dicamba/tembotrione, atrazine/bicyclopyone/mesotrione/ S –metolachlor, and dicamba applied to 20-30 cm tall Palmer amaranth provided 85% to 92% control. Glufosinate, dicamba, and atrazine/bicyclopyone/mesotrione/ S –metolachlor were the most effective for reducing Palmer amaranth density 2 to 19 plants m −2 when applied to 10-15 cm Palmer amaranth 30 DAEPOST compared with the nontreated control (137 plants m −2 ) in 2021; however, when applied to 20-30 cm Palmer amaranth, glufosinate, and atrazine/bicyclopyone/mesotrione/ S –metolachlor reduced density 5 to 19 plants m −2 . At 30 DAEPOST, glufosinate and atrazine/bicyclopyone/mesotrione/ S –metolachlor had the lowest Palmer amaranth biomass (3-17 g m −2 ). Corn yield in 2020 was higher than 2021 due to more rain in 2020. All herbicides resulted in a similar yield in 2020. Lower seed production of 6,269 and 1,953 seeds plant -1 for 10-15 cm and 20-30 cm MHR Palmer amaranth were recorded with dicamba and atrazine/bicyclopyone/mesotrione/ S –metolachlor.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Weed height affected herbicide control.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayst0 - Treatment
- herbicidese0
- Interactor
- MHR Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- Control of MHR Palmer amaranthe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Control of MHR Palmer amaranth was affected by the plant height when herbicides were applied.”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Four herbicides gave at least 94% control of shorter Palmer amaranth.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Glufosinate, dicamba, dicamba/diflufenzopyr, and dicamba/tembotrionee0
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- Palmer amaranthe0
- Direction
- controle0
- Value
- ≥ 94%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glufosinate, dicamba, dicamba/diflufenzopyr, and dicamba/tembotrione applied to 10-15 cm tall Palmer amaranth provided ≥ 94% control 30 d after EPOST (DAEPOST)”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
A herbicide mixture gave 85% control of taller Palmer amaranth in 2021.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- atrazine/bicyclopyone/mesotrione/ S -metolachlore0
- Interactor
- MHR Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- MHR Palmer amaranthe0
- Direction
- controle0
- Value
- 85%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“atrazine/bicyclopyone/mesotrione/ S -metolachlor applied to 20-30 cm tall MHR Palmer amaranth provided 85% control in 2021.”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Glufosinate gave 85% to 90% control of taller Palmer amaranth.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Glufosinatee0
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- Palmer amaranthe0
- Direction
- controle0
- Value
- 85% to 90%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glufosinate provided 85% to 90% control when applied to 20-30 cm tall Palmer amaranth in both years.”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Three dicamba treatments gave at least 88% control of shorter Palmer amaranth.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- dicamba, dicamba/diflufenzopyr, and dicamba/tembotrionee0
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- Palmer amaranthe0
- Direction
- controle0
- Value
- ≥ 88%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dicamba, dicamba/diflufenzopyr, and dicamba/tembotrione applied to 10-15 cm tall Palmer amaranth provided ≥ 88% control.”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Three herbicides gave 85% to 92% control of taller Palmer amaranth.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Dicamba/tembotrione, atrazine/bicyclopyone/mesotrione/ S –metolachlor, and dicambae0
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- Palmer amaranthe0
- Direction
- controle0
- Value
- 85% to 92%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dicamba/tembotrione, atrazine/bicyclopyone/mesotrione/ S –metolachlor, and dicamba applied to 20-30 cm tall Palmer amaranth provided 85% to 92% control.”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Three herbicides reduced Palmer amaranth density relative to untreated control.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Glufosinate, dicamba, and atrazine/bicyclopyone/mesotrione/ S –metolachlore0
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- Palmer amaranth densitye0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 2 to 19 plants m −2e0
- Comparator
- nontreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glufosinate, dicamba, and atrazine/bicyclopyone/mesotrione/ S –metolachlor were the most effective for reducing Palmer amaranth density 2 to 19 plants m −2 when applied to 10-15 cm Palmer amaranth 30 DAEPOST compared with the nontreated control (137 plants m −2 ) in 2021”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Glufosinate and a mixture reduced density of taller Palmer amaranth.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- glufosinate, and atrazine/bicyclopyone/mesotrione/ S –metolachlore0
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- densitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 5 to 19 plants m −2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“when applied to 20-30 cm Palmer amaranth, glufosinate, and atrazine/bicyclopyone/mesotrione/ S –metolachlor reduced density 5 to 19 plants m −2 .”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Glufosinate and a mixture had the lowest Palmer amaranth biomass.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- glufosinate and atrazine/bicyclopyone/mesotrione/ S –metolachlore0
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- Palmer amaranth biomasse0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 3-17 g m −2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“glufosinate and atrazine/bicyclopyone/mesotrione/ S –metolachlor had the lowest Palmer amaranth biomass (3-17 g m −2 ).”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn yield was higher in 2020 with more rain than in 2021.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Corn yield in 2020 was higher than 2021 due to more rain in 2020.”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicides produced similar corn yield in 2020.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- All herbicidese0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- similare0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All herbicides resulted in a similar yield in 2020.”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Dicamba gave lower Palmer amaranth seed production in shorter weeds.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- dicambae0
- Interactor
- MHR Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- seed productione0
- Direction
- Lowere0
- Value
- 6,269e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lower seed production of 6,269 and 1,953 seeds plant -1 for 10-15 cm and 20-30 cm MHR Palmer amaranth were recorded with dicamba and atrazine/bicyclopyone/mesotrione/ S –metolachlor.”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
The mixture gave lower Palmer amaranth seed production in taller weeds.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- atrazine/bicyclopyone/mesotrione/ S –metolachlore0
- Interactor
- MHR Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- seed productione0
- Direction
- Lowere0
- Value
- 1,953 seeds plant -1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lower seed production of 6,269 and 1,953 seeds plant -1 for 10-15 cm and 20-30 cm MHR Palmer amaranth were recorded with dicamba and atrazine/bicyclopyone/mesotrione/ S –metolachlor.”
t0“corn”
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See all 7 papers →8 of 19 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.