Abstract
This study explored the effects of the sowing stage and nitrogen application rate on the grain yield and its allocation of light-temperature resources over a 9-year experiment from 2011 to 2019. Measurement indicators include the effective accumulative temperature on different growth durations, leaf area index (LAI), above-ground biomass production, and harvest index (HI). Methods: A split-plot design was arranged in the treatment, with N supply as the main plot and the sowing stage as the subplot. The main plots consisted of two nitrogen treatments: low nitrogen (LN: 120 kg ha−1) and high nitrogen (HN: 180 kg ha−1). The subplots contained two sowing stages: the early sowing stage (ES) and the late sowing stage (LS). Results: Compared with LNLS, LNES, and HNLS from 2011 to 2019, HNES of HHZ increased the grain yield by 9.5%, 2.5%, and 5.3%, while the difference in grain yield in YY8 was higher than HHZ, especially under HNES. Compared with LNLS, LNES, and HNLS from 2011 to 2019, HNES of HHZ increased the panicle number by 6.0%, 5.9%, and 1.0%, and HNES of YY8 increased by 12.7%, 11.4%, and 3.8%. Compared with HNLS of HHZ, LNES, LNLS, and HNES decreased the spikelets per panicle by 2.3%, 2.9%, and 1.1%, and decreased by 3.5%, 1.9%, and 2.2% in YY8. The early sowing or increasing N supply significantly increased the dry matter accumulated, grain weight, LAI, and HI. The higher grain yield in LNES was more closely related to the average temperature and the number of spikelets per panicle. The grain yield in HNES was more dependent on the effective accumulative temperature. Conclusions: Sowing in mid-May and increasing the N application (180 kg ha−1) are beneficial to the allocation of light temperature and the increase in yield. Therefore, this research provides a theoretical basis for improving rice yield and optimizing the utilization of light-temperature resources in the future.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
HNES increased HHZ grain yield by 9.5% over LNLS.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Material
- HHZe0
- Treatment
- HNESe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9.5%e0
- Comparator
- LNLSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with LNLS, LNES, and HNLS from 2011 to 2019, HNES of HHZ increased the grain yield by 9.5%, 2.5%, and 5.3%”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
HNES increased HHZ grain yield by 2.5% over LNES.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Material
- HHZe0
- Treatment
- HNESe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2.5%e0
- Comparator
- LNESe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with LNLS, LNES, and HNLS from 2011 to 2019, HNES of HHZ increased the grain yield by 9.5%, 2.5%, and 5.3%”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
HNES increased HHZ grain yield by 5.3% over HNLS.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Material
- HHZe0
- Treatment
- HNESe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 5.3%e0
- Comparator
- HNLSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with LNLS, LNES, and HNLS from 2011 to 2019, HNES of HHZ increased the grain yield by 9.5%, 2.5%, and 5.3%”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The yield difference in YY8 was higher than in HHZ, especially under HNES.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Material
- YY8e0
- Outcome
- difference in grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- HHZe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the difference in grain yield in YY8 was higher than HHZ, especially under HNES”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
HNES increased HHZ panicle number by 6.0%, 5.9% and 1.0% relative to LNLS, LNES and HNLS respectively.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Material
- HHZe0
- Treatment
- HNESe0
- Outcome
- panicle numbere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 6.0%, 5.9%, and 1.0%e0
- Comparator
- LNLS, LNES, and HNLSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with LNLS, LNES, and HNLS from 2011 to 2019, HNES of HHZ increased the panicle number by 6.0%, 5.9%, and 1.0%”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
HNES increased YY8 panicle number by 12.7%, 11.4% and 3.8% relative to the same comparisons.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Material
- YY8e0
- Treatment
- HNESe0
- Outcome
- panicle numbere1
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 12.7%, 11.4%, and 3.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HNES of YY8 increased by 12.7%, 11.4%, and 3.8%”
t0“Rice”
e1“Compared with LNLS, LNES, and HNLS from 2011 to 2019, HNES of HHZ increased the panicle number by 6.0%, 5.9%, and 1.0%”
Claim · model-written summary
Relative to HNLS, other treatments decreased HHZ spikelets per panicle.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Material
- HHZe0
- Treatment
- LNES, LNLS, and HNESe0
- Outcome
- spikelets per paniclee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 2.3%, 2.9%, and 1.1%e0
- Comparator
- HNLSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with HNLS of HHZ, LNES, LNLS, and HNES decreased the spikelets per panicle by 2.3%, 2.9%, and 1.1%”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
YY8 spikelets per panicle decreased by 3.5%, 1.9% and 2.2%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Material
- YY8e0
- Outcome
- spikelets per paniclee1
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 3.5%, 1.9%, and 2.2%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreased by 3.5%, 1.9%, and 2.2% in YY8”
t0“Rice”
e1“Compared with HNLS of HHZ, LNES, LNLS, and HNES decreased the spikelets per panicle by 2.3%, 2.9%, and 1.1%”
Claim · model-written summary
Early sowing or added nitrogen significantly increased dry matter, grain weight, LAI and harvest index.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- early sowing or increasing N supplye0
- Outcome
- dry matter accumulated, grain weight, LAI, and HIe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The early sowing or increasing N supply significantly increased the dry matter accumulated, grain weight, LAI, and HI”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
LNES grain yield was more closely related to mean temperature and spikelets per panicle.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- LNESe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- average temperature and the number of spikelets per paniclee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The higher grain yield in LNES was more closely related to the average temperature and the number of spikelets per panicle”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
HNES grain yield depended more on effective accumulated temperature.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- HNESe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Qualifier
- effective accumulative temperaturee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The grain yield in HNES was more dependent on the effective accumulative temperature”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend mid-May sowing with 180 kg ha−1 nitrogen for resource allocation and yield.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- Sowing in mid-May and increasing the N application (180 kg ha−1)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sowing in mid-May and increasing the N application (180 kg ha−1) are beneficial to the allocation of light temperature and the increase in yield”
t0“Rice”
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