Abstract
Side deep placement of nitrogen plays an important role in improving rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency. Few studies have examined the effects of reducing the times of nitrogen (RTN) application and reducing the nitrogen rate (RNR) of application on rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency under side deep placement of nitrogen in paddy fields. Therefore, a field experiment of RNT and RNR treatments was conducted with nine fertilization modes during the 2018–2019 rice growing seasons in a rice–wheat cropping system of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China. Rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency were investigated under side deep placement of nitrogen. We found that under the same nitrogen application rate, the yield of RTN3 increased by 9.64 and 10.18% in rice varieties NJ9108 and NJ5718, respectively, compared with the farmers’ fertilizer practices (FFP). The nitrogen accumulation of RTN3 was the highest at heading stage, at 11.30 t ha−1 across 2018 and 2019. Under the same nitrogen application rate, the N agronomic use efficiency (NAE), N physiological efficiency (NPE) and N recovery efficiency (NRE) of RTN3 were 8.1–21.28%, 8.51–41.76% and 0.28–14.52% higher than those of the other fertilization modes, respectively. RNR led to decreases in SPAD value, leaf area index (LAI), dry matter accumulation, nitrogen accumulation, and nitrogen use efficiency. These results suggest that RTN3 increased rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency under the side deep placement of nitrogen, and RNR1 could achieve the goals of saving cost and increasing resource use efficiency. Two fertilization modes RTN3 and RNR1 both could achieve the dual goals of increasing grain yield and resource use efficiency and thus are worth further application and investigation.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
RTN3 increased yield of NJ9108 by 9.64% relative to farmers’ fertilizer practices at the same nitrogen rate.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Material
- NJ9108e0
- Treatment
- RTN3e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9.64e0
- Qualifier
- under the same nitrogen application ratee0
- Comparator
- farmers’ fertilizer practices (FFP)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“single season late japonica rice”
e0“under the same nitrogen application rate, the yield of RTN3 increased by 9.64 and 10.18% in rice varieties NJ9108 and NJ5718, respectively, compared with the farmers’ fertilizer practices (FFP)”
Claim · model-written summary
RTN3 increased yield of NJ5718 by 10.18% relative to farmers’ fertilizer practices at the same nitrogen rate.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- NJ5718e0
- Treatment
- RTN3e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 10.18%e0
- Qualifier
- under the same nitrogen application ratee0
- Comparator
- farmers’ fertilizer practices (FFP)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“single season late japonica rice”
e0“under the same nitrogen application rate, the yield of RTN3 increased by 9.64 and 10.18% in rice varieties NJ9108 and NJ5718, respectively, compared with the farmers’ fertilizer practices (FFP)”
Claim · model-written summary
RTN3 had the highest nitrogen accumulation at heading stage, reported as 11.30 t ha−1 across 2018 and 2019.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- heading stagee0
- Treatment
- RTN3e0
- Outcome
- nitrogen accumulatione0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 11.30 t ha−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“single season late japonica rice”
e0“The nitrogen accumulation of RTN3 was the highest at heading stage, at 11.30 t ha−1 across 2018 and 2019”
Claim · model-written summary
RTN3 had 8.1–21.28% higher N agronomic use efficiency than other fertilization modes at the same nitrogen rate.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- RTN3e0
- Outcome
- N agronomic use efficiency (NAE)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 8.1–21.28%e0
- Comparator
- other fertilization modese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“single season late japonica rice”
e0“Under the same nitrogen application rate, the N agronomic use efficiency (NAE), N physiological efficiency (NPE) and N recovery efficiency (NRE) of RTN3 were 8.1–21.28%, 8.51–41.76% and 0.28–14.52% higher than those of the other fertilization modes, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
RTN3 had 8.51–41.76% higher N physiological efficiency than other fertilization modes.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- RTN3e0
- Outcome
- N physiological efficiency (NPE)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 8.51–41.76%e0
- Comparator
- other fertilization modese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“single season late japonica rice”
e0“Under the same nitrogen application rate, the N agronomic use efficiency (NAE), N physiological efficiency (NPE) and N recovery efficiency (NRE) of RTN3 were 8.1–21.28%, 8.51–41.76% and 0.28–14.52% higher than those of the other fertilization modes, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
RTN3 had 0.28–14.52% higher N recovery efficiency than other fertilization modes.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- RTN3e0
- Outcome
- N recovery efficiency (NRE)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 0.28–14.52%e0
- Comparator
- other fertilization modese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“single season late japonica rice”
e0“Under the same nitrogen application rate, the N agronomic use efficiency (NAE), N physiological efficiency (NPE) and N recovery efficiency (NRE) of RTN3 were 8.1–21.28%, 8.51–41.76% and 0.28–14.52% higher than those of the other fertilization modes, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Reducing the nitrogen rate lowered SPAD value and leaf area index.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- RNRe0
- Outcome
- SPAD value, leaf area index (LAI)e0
- Direction
- decreasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“single season late japonica rice”
e0“RNR led to decreases in SPAD value, leaf area index (LAI), dry matter accumulation, nitrogen accumulation, and nitrogen use efficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
Reducing the nitrogen rate lowered dry matter accumulation and nitrogen accumulation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- RNRe0
- Outcome
- dry matter accumulation, nitrogen accumulatione0
- Direction
- decreasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“single season late japonica rice”
e0“RNR led to decreases in SPAD value, leaf area index (LAI), dry matter accumulation, nitrogen accumulation, and nitrogen use efficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
Reducing the nitrogen rate lowered nitrogen use efficiency.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- RNRe0
- Outcome
- nitrogen use efficiencye0
- Direction
- decreasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“single season late japonica rice”
e0“RNR led to decreases in SPAD value, leaf area index (LAI), dry matter accumulation, nitrogen accumulation, and nitrogen use efficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose RNR1 for cost savings and increased resource use efficiency.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- RNR1e0
- Outcome
- saving cost and increasing resource use efficiencye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“single season late japonica rice”
e0“RNR1 could achieve the goals of saving cost and increasing resource use efficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend further application and investigation of RTN3 and RNR1 for grain yield and resource use efficiency.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- RTN3 and RNR1e0
- Outcome
- further application and investigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“single season late japonica rice”
e0“Two fertilization modes RTN3 and RNR1 both could achieve the dual goals of increasing grain yield and resource use efficiency and thus are worth further application and investigation”
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