Abstract
Efficient use of fertilizer is needed to meet the increasing food demand, minimize negative environmental impacts, and maximize farmers’ profits. Fertilizer deep placement (FDP) could be one of the best management techniques to achieve these multiple benefits. Experiments were conducted in 115 farmers’ fields spread over 35 upazilas across eight districts over nine contiguous rice ( Oryza sativa L.) growing seasons during 2009 to 2012 in southern Bangladesh to compare the effects of deep placement of urea briquettes (UB) and nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium briquettes (NPK), with farmers’ broadcast prilled urea (PU) on rice yield and net economic return. Deep placement of either UB or NPK significantly increased grain yields and net economic return across all the rice‐growing seasons and years compared to PU. Across the years, average yield increase in UB and NPK over PU was higher during the Aus and Aman (wet) seasons (21–31%) than in the Boro (dry) season (11–17%). In addition to increase in grain yield, deep placement of UB and NPK saved urea by 33 and 44%, respectively, during the Aus–Aman seasons, and by 35 and 28% during the Boro season. The deep placement of one 2.4 g NPK (∼44 kg N ha −1 ) for the Aus–Aman season and two NPK (87 kg N ha −1 ) for the Boro season would be more profitable for southern Bangladesh. The FDP also provides the greatest benefits under rainfed wet season conditions where farmers have little control of water management and timing of N application.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Deep placement of urea briquettes significantly increased rice grain yield over broadcast urea.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae1 - Treatment
- deep placement of urea briquettes (UB)e2
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- farmers’ broadcast prilled urea (PU)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Deep placement of either UB or NPK significantly increased grain yields and net economic return across all the rice‐growing seasons and years compared to PU”
e1“rice ( Oryza sativa L.)”
e2“deep placement of urea briquettes (UB) and nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium briquettes (NPK), with farmers’ broadcast prilled urea (PU)”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep placement of NPK briquettes significantly increased rice grain yield over broadcast urea.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium briquettes (NPK)e2
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- farmers’ broadcast prilled urea (PU)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Deep placement of either UB or NPK significantly increased grain yields and net economic return across all the rice‐growing seasons and years compared to PU”
e1“rice ( Oryza sativa L.)”
e2“deep placement of urea briquettes (UB) and nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium briquettes (NPK), with farmers’ broadcast prilled urea (PU)”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep placement of urea briquettes significantly increased net economic return.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Deep placement of either UB or NPK significantly increased grain yields and net economic return across all the rice‐growing seasons and years compared to PU”
e1“rice ( Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep placement of NPK briquettes significantly increased net economic return.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Deep placement of either UB or NPK significantly increased grain yields and net economic return across all the rice‐growing seasons and years compared to PU”
e1“rice ( Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield increases over broadcast urea were larger in Aus and Aman than Boro seasons.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- average yield increasee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 21–31%e0
- Qualifier
- 11–17%e0
- Comparator
- Boro (dry) seasone0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“average yield increase in UB and NPK over PU was higher during the Aus and Aman (wet) seasons (21–31%) than in the Boro (dry) season (11–17%)”
e1“rice ( Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Urea briquette placement saved 33% urea in Aus and Aman seasons.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- deep placement of UBe0
- Outcome
- ureae0
- Direction
- savede0
- Value
- 33e0
- Qualifier
- Aus–Aman seasonse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“deep placement of UB and NPK saved urea by 33 and 44%, respectively, during the Aus–Aman seasons, and by 35 and 28% during the Boro season”
e1“rice ( Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK briquette placement saved 44% urea in Aus and Aman seasons.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- NPKe0
- Outcome
- ureae0
- Direction
- savede0
- Value
- 44%e0
- Qualifier
- Aus–Aman seasonse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“deep placement of UB and NPK saved urea by 33 and 44%, respectively, during the Aus–Aman seasons, and by 35 and 28% during the Boro season”
e1“rice ( Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Urea briquette placement saved 35% urea in Boro.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- deep placement of UBe0
- Outcome
- ureae0
- Direction
- savede0
- Value
- 35e0
- Qualifier
- Boro seasone0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“deep placement of UB and NPK saved urea by 33 and 44%, respectively, during the Aus–Aman seasons, and by 35 and 28% during the Boro season”
e1“rice ( Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK briquette placement saved 28% urea in Boro.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“deep placement of UB and NPK saved urea by 33 and 44%, respectively, during the Aus–Aman seasons, and by 35 and 28% during the Boro season”
e1“rice ( Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
One NPK briquette in Aus and Aman was recommended as more profitable.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- one 2.4 g NPK (∼44 kg N ha −1 )e0
- Outcome
- more profitablee0
- Setting
- southern Bangladeshe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The deep placement of one 2.4 g NPK (∼44 kg N ha −1 ) for the Aus–Aman season and two NPK (87 kg N ha −1 ) for the Boro season would be more profitable for southern Bangladesh”
e1“rice ( Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Two NPK briquettes in Boro were recommended as more profitable.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- two NPK (87 kg N ha −1 )e0
- Outcome
- more profitablee0
- Setting
- southern Bangladeshe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The deep placement of one 2.4 g NPK (∼44 kg N ha −1 ) for the Aus–Aman season and two NPK (87 kg N ha −1 ) for the Boro season would be more profitable for southern Bangladesh”
e1“rice ( Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer deep placement provided greatest benefit under rainfed wet season conditions.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- benefitse0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Qualifier
- rainfed wet season conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The FDP also provides the greatest benefits under rainfed wet season conditions where farmers have little control of water management and timing of N application”
e1“rice ( Oryza sativa L.)”
The same questions in other papers
nitrogen · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
1,802 papers in the same direction as this paper · 193 in the opposite direction · 49 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- no effect
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See all 2,045 papers →fertilization · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
3,182 papers in the same direction as this paper · 207 in the opposite direction · 65 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- positive
- positive
3,451 papers more in this group
See all 3,455 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.