Abstract
Ammonia (NH 3 ) volatilization losses result in low nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and various environmental impacts in agroecosystems. Machine-transplanted rice with side-deep fertilization (MRSF) has been recommended as an effective alternative to traditional transplantation with manual broadcasting of fertilizer. Controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer (CRF) can enhance rice yield and NUE in paddy fields. However, there is scarce information about combined effects of MRSF and CRF on NH 3 volatilization loss and rice grain yield, NUE, net economic benefit (NEB) in a double rice cropping system. In this study, a field experiment was conducted to evaluate the impact of MRSF with CRF on grain yields, NUE and economic returns of early rice and late rice from 2019 to 2021, as well as NH 3 emissions in two rice seasons (2019 and 2021). Six treatments were designed as no N fertilizer (N0), compound fertilizer broadcasting (CFB), compound fertilizer side-deep placement (CFD), CRF broadcasting (CRFB), CRF side-deep placement (CRFD1), and single side-deep placement of CRF (CRFD2). The results showed that the CFD and CRFB treatments decreased NH 3 volatilization while enhancing or maintaining rice yield and NUE compared to the CFB treatment. MRSF with CRF (CRFD1 and CRFD2) significantly reduced NH 3 emissions of early and late rice by 57.6–67.9% and 62.2–80.9% by decreasing the NH 4 + –N concentrations in the surface water compared to the CFB treatment, respectively. Rice grain yields in the MRSF with CRF treatments increased by 3.9–17.3% in early rice and 5.4–21.6% in late rice relative to the CFB treatment. In addition, MRSF with CRF treatments improved NUE for early and late rice from 32.1 to 36.2% and 21.3–28.4% in the CFB treatment to 48.4–61.2% and 39.7–62.3%, respectively. The yield-scale NH 3 volatilization losses were reduced under the MRSF with CRF treatments by 61.2–71.5% in early rice and 67.4–84.3% in late rice. Furthermore, MRSF with single basal application of CRF reduced time-consuming and labor-intensive while increasing rice yields and net economic benefits. Overall, co-application of MRSF and CRF can reduce NH 3 emissions, and improve rice yield, NUE and profitability in double rice cropping systems.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
CFD reduced ammonia volatilization relative to CFB.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- CFDe0
- Outcome
- NH 3 volatilizatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- CFB treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that the CFD and CRFB treatments decreased NH 3 volatilization while enhancing or maintaining rice yield and NUE compared to the CFB treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
CRFB reduced ammonia volatilization relative to CFB.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- CRFBe0
- Outcome
- NH 3 volatilizatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- CFB treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that the CFD and CRFB treatments decreased NH 3 volatilization while enhancing or maintaining rice yield and NUE compared to the CFB treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
CFD enhanced or maintained rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency relative to CFB.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- CFDe0
- Outcome
- rice yield and NUEe0
- Direction
- enhancing or maintaininge0
- Comparator
- CFB treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that the CFD and CRFB treatments decreased NH 3 volatilization while enhancing or maintaining rice yield and NUE compared to the CFB treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
CRFB enhanced or maintained rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency relative to CFB.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- CRFBe0
- Outcome
- rice yield and NUEe0
- Direction
- enhancing or maintaininge0
- Comparator
- CFB treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that the CFD and CRFB treatments decreased NH 3 volatilization while enhancing or maintaining rice yield and NUE compared to the CFB treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
MRSF with CRF reduced early-rice ammonia emissions by 57.6–67.9% relative to CFB.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- MRSF with CRF (CRFD1 and CRFD2)e0
- Outcome
- NH 3 emissions of earlye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 57.6–67.9%e0
- Comparator
- CFB treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MRSF with CRF (CRFD1 and CRFD2) significantly reduced NH 3 emissions of early and late rice by 57.6–67.9% and 62.2–80.9% by decreasing the NH 4 + –N concentrations in the surface water compared to the CFB treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
MRSF with CRF reduced late-rice ammonia emissions by 62.2–80.9% relative to CFB.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- MRSF with CRF (CRFD1 and CRFD2)e0
- Outcome
- NH 3 emissions of early and late ricee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 62.2–80.9%e0
- Comparator
- CFB treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MRSF with CRF (CRFD1 and CRFD2) significantly reduced NH 3 emissions of early and late rice by 57.6–67.9% and 62.2–80.9% by decreasing the NH 4 + –N concentrations in the surface water compared to the CFB treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
MRSF with CRF decreased surface-water ammonium nitrogen concentrations.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- MRSF with CRFe2
- Outcome
- NH 4 + –N concentrations in the surface watere0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by decreasing the NH 4 + –N concentrations in the surface water compared to the CFB treatment”
e2“MRSF with CRF (CRFD1 and CRFD2) significantly reduced NH 3 emissions”
e1“The results showed that the CFD and CRFB treatments decreased NH 3 volatilization while enhancing or maintaining rice yield and NUE compared to the CFB treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
MRSF with CRF increased early-rice grain yield by 3.9–17.3% relative to CFB.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- MRSF with CRF treatmentse0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 3.9–17.3%e0
- Comparator
- CFB treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice grain yields in the MRSF with CRF treatments increased by 3.9–17.3% in early rice and 5.4–21.6% in late rice relative to the CFB treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
MRSF with CRF increased late-rice grain yield by 5.4–21.6% relative to CFB.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- MRSF with CRF treatmentse0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 5.4–21.6%e0
- Comparator
- CFB treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice grain yields in the MRSF with CRF treatments increased by 3.9–17.3% in early rice and 5.4–21.6% in late rice relative to the CFB treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Early-rice NUE increased to 48.4–61.2% from 32.1 to 36.2% under MRSF with CRF.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- MRSF with CRF treatmentse0
- Outcome
- NUE for earlye0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 48.4–61.2%e0
- Qualifier
- 32.1 to 36.2%e0
- Comparator
- CFB treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MRSF with CRF treatments improved NUE for early and late rice from 32.1 to 36.2% and 21.3–28.4% in the CFB treatment to 48.4–61.2% and 39.7–62.3%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Late-rice NUE increased to 39.7–62.3% from 21.3–28.4% under MRSF with CRF.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- MRSF with CRF treatmentse0
- Outcome
- NUE for early and late ricee0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 39.7–62.3%e0
- Qualifier
- 21.3–28.4%e0
- Comparator
- CFB treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MRSF with CRF treatments improved NUE for early and late rice from 32.1 to 36.2% and 21.3–28.4% in the CFB treatment to 48.4–61.2% and 39.7–62.3%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Early-rice yield-scaled ammonia losses decreased by 61.2–71.5%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- MRSF with CRF treatmentse0
- Outcome
- yield-scale NH 3 volatilization lossese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 61.2–71.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The yield-scale NH 3 volatilization losses were reduced under the MRSF with CRF treatments by 61.2–71.5% in early rice and 67.4–84.3% in late rice.”
Claim · model-written summary
Late-rice yield-scaled ammonia losses decreased by 67.4–84.3%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- MRSF with CRF treatmentse0
- Outcome
- yield-scale NH 3 volatilization lossese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 67.4–84.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The yield-scale NH 3 volatilization losses were reduced under the MRSF with CRF treatments by 61.2–71.5% in early rice and 67.4–84.3% in late rice.”
Claim · model-written summary
A single basal CRF application with MRSF reduced time and labor requirements.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- MRSF with single basal application of CRFe0
- Outcome
- time-consuming and labor-intensivee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MRSF with single basal application of CRF reduced time-consuming and labor-intensive while increasing rice yields and net economic benefits.”
Claim · model-written summary
A single basal CRF application with MRSF increased rice yields.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- MRSF with single basal application of CRFe0
- Outcome
- rice yieldse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MRSF with single basal application of CRF reduced time-consuming and labor-intensive while increasing rice yields and net economic benefits.”
Claim · model-written summary
A single basal CRF application with MRSF increased net economic benefits.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- MRSF with single basal application of CRFe0
- Outcome
- net economic benefitse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MRSF with single basal application of CRF reduced time-consuming and labor-intensive while increasing rice yields and net economic benefits.”
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