Abstract
The effects of a controlled release urea (CRU) on concentration of N in root zones, activities of N metabolism enzymes in leaves, and N use efficiency of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) grown on a silt loam soil in lysimeters were investigated. The entire amount (100–300 kg N ha −1 ) of the CRU was incorporated into a plug for growing the rice seedlings while the regular urea was split into three applications (the standard practice). Results indicated that the N release of CRU closely matched the N requirements of the rice, and the commingling of the CRU with the rice seeds increased N concentration within the root zone and enhanced the activities of glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamine 2‐oxoglutarate amidotransferase (GOGAT) and nitrate reductase (NR) in leaves. At the same N rate, the apparent N use efficiency of the CRU applied at 300 kg N ha −1 was 27.6 and 22.9% higher than that of conventional urea treatment in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Although the CRU at 200 kg N ha −1 supplied one‐third less N than the urea at 300 kg N ha −1 , the CRU produced 3 to 5.9% more grain than the urea. Placing the CRU with rice seeds without additional fertilizer application during the entire growing season significantly increased N availability in soils and improved rice growth and led to use of less N fertilizers for greater rice grain yield.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen release from controlled release urea closely matched rice nitrogen requirements.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Outcome
- N release of CRUe0
- Qualifier
- N requirements of the ricee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the N release of CRU closely matched the N requirements of the rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Commingling controlled release urea with rice seeds increased root-zone nitrogen concentration.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- commingling of the CRU with the rice seedse0
- Outcome
- N concentration within the root zonee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the commingling of the CRU with the rice seeds increased N concentration within the root zone”
Claim · model-written summary
Commingling controlled release urea with rice seeds enhanced leaf glutamine synthetase, GOGAT, and nitrate reductase activities.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- commingling of the CRU with the rice seedse0
- Outcome
- activities of glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamine 2‐oxoglutarate amidotransferase (GOGAT) and nitrate reductase (NR)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the commingling of the CRU with the rice seeds increased N concentration within the root zone and enhanced the activities of glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamine 2‐oxoglutarate amidotransferase (GOGAT) and nitrate reductase (NR) in leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
At the same nitrogen rate in 2007, apparent nitrogen use efficiency with CRU at 300 kg N ha −1 was 27.6% higher than with conventional urea.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CRU applied at 300 kg N ha −1e0
- Outcome
- apparent N use efficiencye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 27.6e0
- Qualifier
- 2007e0
- Comparator
- conventional urea treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the same N rate, the apparent N use efficiency of the CRU applied at 300 kg N ha −1 was 27.6 and 22.9% higher than that of conventional urea treatment in 2007 and 2008, respectively”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
At the same nitrogen rate in 2008, apparent nitrogen use efficiency with CRU at 300 kg N ha −1 was 22.9% higher than with conventional urea.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CRU applied at 300 kg N ha −1e0
- Outcome
- apparent N use efficiencye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 22.9%e0
- Qualifier
- 2008e0
- Comparator
- conventional urea treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the same N rate, the apparent N use efficiency of the CRU applied at 300 kg N ha −1 was 27.6 and 22.9% higher than that of conventional urea treatment in 2007 and 2008, respectively”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
CRU at 200 kg N ha −1 produced 3 to 5.9% more grain than urea at 300 kg N ha −1.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CRU at 200 kg N ha −1e0
- Outcome
- graine0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 3 to 5.9%e0
- Comparator
- urea at 300 kg N ha −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the CRU at 200 kg N ha −1 supplied one‐third less N than the urea at 300 kg N ha −1 , the CRU produced 3 to 5.9% more grain than the urea”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Placing CRU with rice seeds significantly increased soil nitrogen availability.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Placing the CRU with rice seedse0
- Outcome
- N availability in soilse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Placing the CRU with rice seeds without additional fertilizer application during the entire growing season significantly increased N availability in soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Placing CRU with rice seeds improved rice growth.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Placing the CRU with rice seedse0
- Outcome
- rice growthe0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Placing the CRU with rice seeds without additional fertilizer application during the entire growing season significantly increased N availability in soils and improved rice growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Placing CRU with rice seeds allowed less nitrogen fertilizer for greater rice grain yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Placing the CRU with rice seedse0
- Outcome
- rice grain yielde0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Qualifier
- less N fertilizerse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Placing the CRU with rice seeds without additional fertilizer application during the entire growing season significantly increased N availability in soils and improved rice growth and led to use of less N fertilizers for greater rice grain yield”
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See all 993 papers →8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.