Abstract
The balance between carbon and nitrogen is a key determinant of seed storage components, and thus, is of great importance to rice and other seed-based food crops. To clarify the influence of the rhizosphere carbon/nitrogen balance during the maturation stage of several seed components, transcriptome analysis was performed on the seeds from rice plants that were provided additional nitrogen fertilization at heading time. As a result, it was assessed that genes associated with molecular processes such as photosynthesis, trehalose metabolism, carbon fixation, amino acid metabolism, and cell wall metabolism were differentially expressed. Moreover, cellulose and sucrose synthases, which are involved in cellulose synthesis, were down-regulated. Therefore, we compared cellulose content of mature seeds that were treated with additional nitrogen fertilization with those from control plants using calcofluor staining. In these experiments, cellulose content in endosperm from plants receiving additional nitrogen fertilization was less than that in control endosperm. Other starch synthesis-related genes such as starch synthase 1, starch phosphorylase 2, and branching enzyme 3 were also down-regulated, whereas some α-amylase and β-amylase genes were up-regulated. On the other hand, mRNA expression of amino acid biosynthesis-related molecules was up-regulated. Moreover, additional nitrogen fertilization caused accumulation of storage proteins and up-regulated Cys-poor prolamin mRNA expression. These data suggest that additional nitrogen fertilization at heading time changes the expression of some storage substance-related genes and reduces cellulose levels in endosperm.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilization changed expression of genes in photosynthesis, trehalose metabolism, carbon fixation, amino acid metabolism and cell wall metabolism.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- Additional Nitrogen Fertilizationt0
- Gene
- genes associated with molecular processese0
- Outcome
- differentially expressede0
- Direction
- differentially expressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“genes associated with molecular processes such as photosynthesis, trehalose metabolism, carbon fixation, amino acid metabolism, and cell wall metabolism were differentially expressed”
t0“Additional Nitrogen Fertilization at Heading Time of Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Cellulose and sucrose synthases were down-regulated after added nitrogen.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Additional Nitrogen Fertilizationt0
- Gene
- cellulose and sucrose synthasese0
- Outcome
- cellulose and sucrose synthasese0
- Direction
- down-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cellulose and sucrose synthases, which are involved in cellulose synthesis, were down-regulated”
t0“Additional Nitrogen Fertilization at Heading Time of Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Additional nitrogen reduced cellulose content in mature seed endosperm relative to controls.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- endosperme0
- Treatment
- additional nitrogen fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- cellulose contente0
- Direction
- less thane0
- Comparator
- control endosperme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cellulose content in endosperm from plants receiving additional nitrogen fertilization was less than that in control endosperm”
t0“Additional Nitrogen Fertilization at Heading Time of Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Starch synthase 1, starch phosphorylase 2 and branching enzyme 3 were down-regulated.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Additional Nitrogen Fertilizationt0
- Gene
- starch synthase 1, starch phosphorylase 2, and branching enzyme 3e0
- Outcome
- starch synthase 1, starch phosphorylase 2, and branching enzyme 3e0
- Direction
- down-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“starch synthase 1, starch phosphorylase 2, and branching enzyme 3 were also down-regulated”
t0“Additional Nitrogen Fertilization at Heading Time of Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Some α-amylase and β-amylase genes were up-regulated.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Additional Nitrogen Fertilizationt0
- Gene
- α-amylase and β-amylase genese0
- Outcome
- some α-amylase and β-amylase genese0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“some α-amylase and β-amylase genes were up-regulated”
t0“Additional Nitrogen Fertilization at Heading Time of Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Amino acid biosynthesis mRNA expression was up-regulated.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Additional Nitrogen Fertilizationt0
- Outcome
- mRNA expression of amino acid biosynthesis-related moleculese0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mRNA expression of amino acid biosynthesis-related molecules was up-regulated”
t0“Additional Nitrogen Fertilization at Heading Time of Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Additional nitrogen increased storage protein accumulation.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- additional nitrogen fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- storage proteinse0
- Direction
- accumulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“additional nitrogen fertilization caused accumulation of storage proteins”
t0“Additional Nitrogen Fertilization at Heading Time of Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Additional nitrogen up-regulated Cys-poor prolamin mRNA expression.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- additional nitrogen fertilizatione0
- Gene
- Cys-poor prolamine0
- Outcome
- Cys-poor prolamin mRNA expressione0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“additional nitrogen fertilization caused accumulation of storage proteins and up-regulated Cys-poor prolamin mRNA expression”
t0“Additional Nitrogen Fertilization at Heading Time of Rice”
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