Abstract
Pericarp browning, postharvest disease, and a short storage life are the leading causes of economic losses in the litchi industry globally. Energy metabolism plays an integral role in regulating browning, disease resistance, and the shelf-life of litchi fruit. The ability of Bacillus siamensis (N-1) to control postharvest diseases and maintain the quality of a variety of tropical fruits has previously been reported, however its effect on litchi fruit has not been explored. In the present study, we investigated the effect of Bacillus siamensis (N-1) on the postharvest energy metabolism of litchi fruit and its relation to pericarp browning, as well as the expression of energy-related genes. Results indicated that litchi fruit treated with Bacillus siamensis (N-1) exhibited a significant improvement in storability as evidenced by a decrease in the rate of the browning index (BI), color change, rate of weight loss, and laccase (LAC) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity. There was also an increase in the energy status of litchi fruit due to the enhanced activity of Ca2+-ATPase, H+-ATPase, oxidase (CCO), cytochrome C, and succinic dehydrogenase (SDH), as well as the expression of their corresponding genes. LcVHA2 and LcVHA3, two major vacuolar-type H+-ATPase genes, were cloned and characterized. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these genes are members of the V-ATPase subunit D and E gene family, respectively. Both heterologous (in tomato) and homologous (in litchi) transient overexpression (OE) assays indicated that both LcVHA2 and LcVHA3 have the potential to delay changes in fruit coloration and pericarp browning, but also increase ADP, ATP, and V-H+-ATPase activity, as well as the energy charge (EC) of fruit. Collectively, results indicated that the LcVHA2 and LcVHA3 play a critical role in preventing the browning and senescence of litchi fruit. This study provides new information on the ability of Bacillus siamensis (N-1), which has been previously demonstrated to be an effective postharvest biocontrol agent, to also improve the storage life of litchi fruit.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus siamensis treatment decreased rate of the browning index (BI) in litchi fruit.
- Treatment
- Bacillus siamensis (N-1)e0
- Interactor
- Bacillus siamensis (N-1)Bacillus siamensise0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- rate of the browning index (BI)e0
- Direction
- decreasee0
LitchiNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results indicated that litchi fruit treated with Bacillus siamensis (N-1) exhibited a significant improvement in storability as evidenced by a decrease in the rate of the browning index (BI), color change, rate of weight loss, and laccase (LAC) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus siamensis treatment decreased color change in litchi fruit.
- Treatment
- Bacillus siamensis (N-1)e0
- Interactor
- Bacillus siamensis (N-1)Bacillus siamensise0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- color changee0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results indicated that litchi fruit treated with Bacillus siamensis (N-1) exhibited a significant improvement in storability as evidenced by a decrease in the rate of the browning index (BI), color change, rate of weight loss, and laccase (LAC) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus siamensis treatment decreased rate of weight loss in litchi fruit.
- Treatment
- Bacillus siamensis (N-1)e0
- Interactor
- Bacillus siamensis (N-1)Bacillus siamensise0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- rate of weight losse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results indicated that litchi fruit treated with Bacillus siamensis (N-1) exhibited a significant improvement in storability as evidenced by a decrease in the rate of the browning index (BI), color change, rate of weight loss, and laccase (LAC) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus siamensis treatment decreased laccase (LAC) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity in litchi fruit.
- Treatment
- Bacillus siamensis (N-1)e0
- Interactor
- Bacillus siamensis (N-1)Bacillus siamensise0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- laccase (LAC) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activitye0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results indicated that litchi fruit treated with Bacillus siamensis (N-1) exhibited a significant improvement in storability as evidenced by a decrease in the rate of the browning index (BI), color change, rate of weight loss, and laccase (LAC) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus siamensis treatment increased litchi fruit energy status.
- Treatment
- Bacillus siamensis (N-1)e1
- Interactor
- Bacillus siamensis (N-1)Bacillus siamensise1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- energy statuse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was also an increase in the energy status of litchi fruit due to the enhanced activity of Ca2+-ATPase, H+-ATPase, oxidase (CCO), cytochrome C, and succinic dehydrogenase (SDH), as well as the expression of their corresponding genes.”
t0“Bacillus siamensis”
e1“Results indicated that litchi fruit treated with Bacillus siamensis (N-1) exhibited a significant improvement in storability as evidenced by a decrease in the rate of the browning index (BI), color change, rate of weight loss, and laccase (LAC) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus siamensis treatment enhanced Ca2+-ATPase in litchi fruit.
- Treatment
- Bacillus siamensis (N-1)e1
- Interactor
- Bacillus siamensis (N-1)Bacillus siamensise1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Ca2+-ATPasee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was also an increase in the energy status of litchi fruit due to the enhanced activity of Ca2+-ATPase, H+-ATPase, oxidase (CCO), cytochrome C, and succinic dehydrogenase (SDH), as well as the expression of their corresponding genes.”
t0“Bacillus siamensis”
e1“Results indicated that litchi fruit treated with Bacillus siamensis (N-1) exhibited a significant improvement in storability as evidenced by a decrease in the rate of the browning index (BI), color change, rate of weight loss, and laccase (LAC) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus siamensis treatment enhanced H+-ATPase in litchi fruit.
- Treatment
- Bacillus siamensis (N-1)e1
- Interactor
- Bacillus siamensis (N-1)Bacillus siamensise1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- H+-ATPasee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was also an increase in the energy status of litchi fruit due to the enhanced activity of Ca2+-ATPase, H+-ATPase, oxidase (CCO), cytochrome C, and succinic dehydrogenase (SDH), as well as the expression of their corresponding genes.”
t0“Bacillus siamensis”
e1“Results indicated that litchi fruit treated with Bacillus siamensis (N-1) exhibited a significant improvement in storability as evidenced by a decrease in the rate of the browning index (BI), color change, rate of weight loss, and laccase (LAC) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus siamensis treatment enhanced oxidase (CCO) in litchi fruit.
- Treatment
- Bacillus siamensis (N-1)e1
- Interactor
- Bacillus siamensis (N-1)Bacillus siamensise1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- oxidase (CCO)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was also an increase in the energy status of litchi fruit due to the enhanced activity of Ca2+-ATPase, H+-ATPase, oxidase (CCO), cytochrome C, and succinic dehydrogenase (SDH), as well as the expression of their corresponding genes.”
t0“Bacillus siamensis”
e1“Results indicated that litchi fruit treated with Bacillus siamensis (N-1) exhibited a significant improvement in storability as evidenced by a decrease in the rate of the browning index (BI), color change, rate of weight loss, and laccase (LAC) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus siamensis treatment enhanced cytochrome C in litchi fruit.
- Treatment
- Bacillus siamensis (N-1)e1
- Interactor
- Bacillus siamensis (N-1)Bacillus siamensise1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- cytochrome Ce0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was also an increase in the energy status of litchi fruit due to the enhanced activity of Ca2+-ATPase, H+-ATPase, oxidase (CCO), cytochrome C, and succinic dehydrogenase (SDH), as well as the expression of their corresponding genes.”
t0“Bacillus siamensis”
e1“Results indicated that litchi fruit treated with Bacillus siamensis (N-1) exhibited a significant improvement in storability as evidenced by a decrease in the rate of the browning index (BI), color change, rate of weight loss, and laccase (LAC) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus siamensis treatment enhanced succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) in litchi fruit.
- Treatment
- Bacillus siamensis (N-1)e1
- Interactor
- Bacillus siamensis (N-1)Bacillus siamensise1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- succinic dehydrogenase (SDH)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was also an increase in the energy status of litchi fruit due to the enhanced activity of Ca2+-ATPase, H+-ATPase, oxidase (CCO), cytochrome C, and succinic dehydrogenase (SDH), as well as the expression of their corresponding genes.”
t0“Bacillus siamensis”
e1“Results indicated that litchi fruit treated with Bacillus siamensis (N-1) exhibited a significant improvement in storability as evidenced by a decrease in the rate of the browning index (BI), color change, rate of weight loss, and laccase (LAC) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus siamensis treatment enhanced expression of their corresponding genes in litchi fruit.
- Treatment
- Bacillus siamensis (N-1)e1
- Interactor
- Bacillus siamensis (N-1)Bacillus siamensise1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- expression of their corresponding genese0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was also an increase in the energy status of litchi fruit due to the enhanced activity of Ca2+-ATPase, H+-ATPase, oxidase (CCO), cytochrome C, and succinic dehydrogenase (SDH), as well as the expression of their corresponding genes.”
t0“Bacillus siamensis”
e1“Results indicated that litchi fruit treated with Bacillus siamensis (N-1) exhibited a significant improvement in storability as evidenced by a decrease in the rate of the browning index (BI), color change, rate of weight loss, and laccase (LAC) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity.”
Claim · model-written summary
LcVHA2 was cloned and characterized as a vacuolar-type H+-ATPase gene.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“LcVHA2 and LcVHA3, two major vacuolar-type H+-ATPase genes, were cloned and characterized.”
t0“litchi fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
LcVHA3 was cloned and characterized as a vacuolar-type H+-ATPase gene.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“LcVHA2 and LcVHA3, two major vacuolar-type H+-ATPase genes, were cloned and characterized.”
t0“litchi fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
LcVHA2 belongs to the V-ATPase subunit D gene family.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these genes are members of the V-ATPase subunit D and E gene family, respectively.”
t0“LcVHA2 and LcVHA3 positively modulate energy metabolism and reduce pericarp browning in litchi fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
LcVHA3 belongs to the V-ATPase subunit E gene family.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these genes are members of the V-ATPase subunit D and E gene family, respectively.”
t0“LcVHA3 positively modulate energy metabolism and reduce pericarp browning in litchi fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Transient overexpression of LcVHA2 delayed browning or increased fruit energy measures: fruit coloration and pericarp browning.
- Treatment
- transient overexpression (OE)e0
- Gene
- LcVHA2e0
- Outcome
- fruit coloration and pericarp browninge0
- Direction
- delaye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both heterologous (in tomato) and homologous (in litchi) transient overexpression (OE) assays indicated that both LcVHA2 and LcVHA3 have the potential to delay changes in fruit coloration and pericarp browning, but also increase ADP, ATP, and V-H+-ATPase activity, as well as the energy charge (EC) of fruit.”
Claim · model-written summary
Transient overexpression of LcVHA2 delayed browning or increased fruit energy measures: ADP, ATP, and V-H+-ATPase activity.
- Treatment
- transient overexpression (OE)e0
- Gene
- LcVHA2e0
- Outcome
- ADP, ATP, and V-H+-ATPase activitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both heterologous (in tomato) and homologous (in litchi) transient overexpression (OE) assays indicated that both LcVHA2 and LcVHA3 have the potential to delay changes in fruit coloration and pericarp browning, but also increase ADP, ATP, and V-H+-ATPase activity, as well as the energy charge (EC) of fruit.”
Claim · model-written summary
Transient overexpression of LcVHA2 delayed browning or increased fruit energy measures: energy charge (EC).
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both heterologous (in tomato) and homologous (in litchi) transient overexpression (OE) assays indicated that both LcVHA2 and LcVHA3 have the potential to delay changes in fruit coloration and pericarp browning, but also increase ADP, ATP, and V-H+-ATPase activity, as well as the energy charge (EC) of fruit.”
Claim · model-written summary
Transient overexpression of LcVHA3 affected fruit coloration and pericarp browning in fruit.
- Treatment
- transient overexpression (OE)e0
- Gene
- LcVHA3e0
- Outcome
- fruit coloration and pericarp browninge0
- Direction
- delaye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both heterologous (in tomato) and homologous (in litchi) transient overexpression (OE) assays indicated that both LcVHA2 and LcVHA3 have the potential to delay changes in fruit coloration and pericarp browning, but also increase ADP, ATP, and V-H+-ATPase activity, as well as the energy charge (EC) of fruit.”
Claim · model-written summary
Transient overexpression of LcVHA3 affected ADP, ATP, and V-H+-ATPase activity in fruit.
- Treatment
- transient overexpression (OE)e0
- Gene
- LcVHA3e0
- Outcome
- ADP, ATP, and V-H+-ATPase activitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both heterologous (in tomato) and homologous (in litchi) transient overexpression (OE) assays indicated that both LcVHA2 and LcVHA3 have the potential to delay changes in fruit coloration and pericarp browning, but also increase ADP, ATP, and V-H+-ATPase activity, as well as the energy charge (EC) of fruit.”