Abstract
Soil acidity is one of the major crop production constraints in the highlands of Ethiopia. Liming is becoming a common practice to amend soil acidity, but its effects on soil properties, crop yield, and farm income are not well studied. In this study, an on-farm liming experiment was conducted for two consecutive years (2020-2021) on acidic Nitisols (pH < 5.5) in Southern Ethiopia. The experiment consisted of six liming rates (control, 2.74, 4.11, 5.48, 6.85, and 8.22 t·ha−1) laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Soil, agronomic, and economic data were collected in 2020 and 2021 cropping seasons and analyzed. The application of lime in the ranges of 2.74–8.22 t·ha−1 increased soil pH by 0.46–1.25 units and reduced exchangeable acidity by 2.02–3.17 units. Higher lime rates of 6.85–8.22 t·ha−1 increased soil pH sharply from 5.22 to 5.99 and 6.46, respectively, but such a rise in soil pH was not proportionally reflected in the yield increment. Higher available phosphorus contents of 7.16 and 6.01 mg·kg−1 were measured at the liming rates of 4.11 and 5.48 t·ha−1, respectively. Combined over the two years, 5.45 t·ha−1 lime application yielded the highest barley total biomass of 19,199 kg·ha−1 and a grain yield of 4,328 kg·ha−1, which are 46% and 30% higher than those of the control, respectively. It also yielded the highest marginal rate of return of 477% and a gross margin of 192,857.3 ETB1·ha−1, which is 53% higher than the control. Based on our results, 5.45 t·ha−1 of lime appears to have the optimal rate for economically viable barley production in the study area or similar environments.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Lime application in the range 2.74–8.22 t·ha−1 increased soil pH by 0.46–1.25 units.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaree5 - Treatment
- application of lime in the ranges of 2.74–8.22 t·ha−1e2
- Outcome
- soil pHe2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 0.46–1.25 unitse2
- Setting
- Southern Ethiopiae1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“an on-farm liming experiment was conducted for two consecutive years (2020-2021) on acidic Nitisols (pH < 5.5) in Southern Ethiopia”
e2“The application of lime in the ranges of 2.74–8.22 t·ha−1 increased soil pH by 0.46–1.25 units and reduced exchangeable acidity by 2.02–3.17 units”
e5“Combined over the two years, 5.45 t·ha−1 lime application yielded the highest barley total biomass of 19,199 kg·ha−1 and a grain yield of 4,328 kg·ha−1, which are 46% and 30% higher than those of the control, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Lime application reduced exchangeable acidity by 2.02–3.17 units.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree5
- Treatment
- application of lime in the ranges of 2.74–8.22 t·ha−1e2
- Outcome
- exchangeable aciditye2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 2.02–3.17 unitse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“The application of lime in the ranges of 2.74–8.22 t·ha−1 increased soil pH by 0.46–1.25 units and reduced exchangeable acidity by 2.02–3.17 units”
e5“Combined over the two years, 5.45 t·ha−1 lime application yielded the highest barley total biomass of 19,199 kg·ha−1 and a grain yield of 4,328 kg·ha−1, which are 46% and 30% higher than those of the control, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher lime rates of 6.85–8.22 t·ha−1 increased soil pH sharply, from 5.22 to 5.99 and 6.46.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree5
- Treatment
- Higher lime rates of 6.85–8.22 t·ha−1e3
- Outcome
- soil pHe3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- from 5.22 to 5.99 and 6.46e3
- Qualifier
- sharplye3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Higher lime rates of 6.85–8.22 t·ha−1 increased soil pH sharply from 5.22 to 5.99 and 6.46, respectively, but such a rise in soil pH was not proportionally reflected in the yield increment”
e5“Combined over the two years, 5.45 t·ha−1 lime application yielded the highest barley total biomass of 19,199 kg·ha−1 and a grain yield of 4,328 kg·ha−1, which are 46% and 30% higher than those of the control, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The rise in soil pH at higher lime rates was not proportionally reflected in the yield increment.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree5
- Treatment
- Higher lime rates of 6.85–8.22 t·ha−1e3
- Outcome
- yield incremente3
- Direction
- not proportionally reflected ine3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Higher lime rates of 6.85–8.22 t·ha−1 increased soil pH sharply from 5.22 to 5.99 and 6.46, respectively, but such a rise in soil pH was not proportionally reflected in the yield increment”
e5“Combined over the two years, 5.45 t·ha−1 lime application yielded the highest barley total biomass of 19,199 kg·ha−1 and a grain yield of 4,328 kg·ha−1, which are 46% and 30% higher than those of the control, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Lime at 4.11 and 5.48 t·ha−1 gave higher available phosphorus contents, 7.16 and 6.01 mg·kg−1.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree5
- Treatment
- liming rates of 4.11 and 5.48 t·ha−1e4
- Outcome
- available phosphorus contentse4
- Direction
- Highere4
- Value
- 7.16 and 6.01 mg·kg−1e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Higher available phosphorus contents of 7.16 and 6.01 mg·kg−1 were measured at the liming rates of 4.11 and 5.48 t·ha−1, respectively”
e5“Combined over the two years, 5.45 t·ha−1 lime application yielded the highest barley total biomass of 19,199 kg·ha−1 and a grain yield of 4,328 kg·ha−1, which are 46% and 30% higher than those of the control, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Lime at 5.45 t·ha−1 yielded the highest barley total biomass of 19,199 kg·ha−1, higher than the control.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree5
- Treatment
- 5.45 t·ha−1 lime applicatione5
- Outcome
- barley total biomasse5
- Direction
- higheste5
- Value
- 19,199 kg·ha−1e5
- Comparator
- controle5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Combined over the two years, 5.45 t·ha−1 lime application yielded the highest barley total biomass of 19,199 kg·ha−1 and a grain yield of 4,328 kg·ha−1, which are 46% and 30% higher than those of the control, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Lime at 5.45 t·ha−1 gave a higher barley grain yield of 4,328 kg·ha−1 than the control.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree5
- Treatment
- 5.45 t·ha−1 lime applicatione5
- Outcome
- grain yielde5
- Direction
- highere5
- Value
- 4,328 kg·ha−1e5
- Comparator
- controle5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Combined over the two years, 5.45 t·ha−1 lime application yielded the highest barley total biomass of 19,199 kg·ha−1 and a grain yield of 4,328 kg·ha−1, which are 46% and 30% higher than those of the control, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Lime at 5.45 t·ha−1 gave the highest marginal rate of return, 477%.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree5
- Treatment
- 5.45 t·ha−1 lime applicatione5
- Outcome
- marginal rate of returne6
- Direction
- higheste6
- Value
- 477%e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Combined over the two years, 5.45 t·ha−1 lime application yielded the highest barley total biomass of 19,199 kg·ha−1 and a grain yield of 4,328 kg·ha−1, which are 46% and 30% higher than those of the control, respectively”
e6“It also yielded the highest marginal rate of return of 477% and a gross margin of 192,857.3 ETB1·ha−1, which is 53% higher than the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Lime at 5.45 t·ha−1 gave a gross margin of 192,857.3 ETB1·ha−1, 53% higher than the control.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree5
- Treatment
- 5.45 t·ha−1 lime applicatione5
- Outcome
- gross margine6
- Direction
- highere6
- Value
- 192,857.3 ETB1·ha−1e6
- Comparator
- controle6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Combined over the two years, 5.45 t·ha−1 lime application yielded the highest barley total biomass of 19,199 kg·ha−1 and a grain yield of 4,328 kg·ha−1, which are 46% and 30% higher than those of the control, respectively”
e6“It also yielded the highest marginal rate of return of 477% and a gross margin of 192,857.3 ETB1·ha−1, which is 53% higher than the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Lime at 5.45 t·ha−1 appears to be the optimal rate for economically viable barley production in the study area or similar environments.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree7
- Outcome
- optimal rate for economically viable barley productione7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“5.45 t·ha−1 of lime appears to have the optimal rate for economically viable barley production in the study area or similar environments”
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