Abstract
Maize cultivated for dry grain covers approximately 197 million hectares globally, securing its position as the second most widely grown crop worldwide after wheat. Although spermidine and biochar individually showed positive impacts on maize production in existing literature, their combined effects on maize growth, physiology, nutrient uptake remain unclear and require further in-depth investigation. That's why a pot experiment was conducted on maize with spermidine and potassium enriched biochar (KBC) as treatments in Multan, Pakistan, during the year 2022. Four levels of spermidine (0, 0.15, 0.30, and 0.45mM) and two levels of potassium KBC (0 and 0.50%) were applied in completely randomized design (CRD). Results showed that 0.45 mM spermidine under 0.50% KBC caused significant enhancement in maize shoot length (11.30%), shoot fresh weight (25.78%), shoot dry weight (17.45%), root length (27.95%), root fresh weight (26.80%), and root dry weight (20.86%) over control. A significant increase in maize chlorophyll a (50.00%), chlorophyll b (40.40%), total chlorophyll (47.00%), photosynthetic rate (34.91%), transpiration rate (6.51%), and stomatal conductance (15.99%) compared to control under 0.50%KBC validate the potential of 0.45 mM spermidine. An increase in N, P, and K concentration in the root and shoot while decrease in electrolyte leakage and antioxidants also confirmed that the 0.45 mM spermidine performed more effectively with 0.50%KBC. In conclusion, 0.45 mM spermidine with 0.50%KBC is recommended for enhancing maize growth.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased shoot length by 11.30%.
- Treatment
- 0.45 mM spermidine under 0.50% KBCe0
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- enhancemente0
- Value
- 11.30%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“0.45 mM spermidine under 0.50% KBC caused significant enhancement in maize shoot length (11.30%), shoot fresh weight (25.78%), shoot dry weight (17.45%), root length (27.95%), root fresh weight (26.80%), and root dry weight (20.86%) over control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased shoot fresh weight by 25.78%.
- Treatment
- 0.45 mM spermidine under 0.50% KBCe0
- Outcome
- shoot fresh weighte0
- Direction
- enhancemente0
- Value
- 25.78%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“0.45 mM spermidine under 0.50% KBC caused significant enhancement in maize shoot length (11.30%), shoot fresh weight (25.78%), shoot dry weight (17.45%), root length (27.95%), root fresh weight (26.80%), and root dry weight (20.86%) over control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased shoot dry weight by 17.45%.
- Treatment
- 0.45 mM spermidine under 0.50% KBCe0
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- enhancemente0
- Value
- 27.95%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“0.45 mM spermidine under 0.50% KBC caused significant enhancement in maize shoot length (11.30%), shoot fresh weight (25.78%), shoot dry weight (17.45%), root length (27.95%), root fresh weight (26.80%), and root dry weight (20.86%) over control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased root fresh weight by 26.80%.
- Treatment
- 0.45 mM spermidine under 0.50% KBCe0
- Outcome
- root fresh weighte0
- Direction
- enhancemente0
- Value
- 26.80%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“0.45 mM spermidine under 0.50% KBC caused significant enhancement in maize shoot length (11.30%), shoot fresh weight (25.78%), shoot dry weight (17.45%), root length (27.95%), root fresh weight (26.80%), and root dry weight (20.86%) over control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased root dry weight by 20.86%.
- Treatment
- 0.45 mM spermidine under 0.50% KBCe0
- Outcome
- root dry weighte0
- Direction
- enhancemente0
- Value
- 20.86%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“0.45 mM spermidine under 0.50% KBC caused significant enhancement in maize shoot length (11.30%), shoot fresh weight (25.78%), shoot dry weight (17.45%), root length (27.95%), root fresh weight (26.80%), and root dry weight (20.86%) over control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine with KBC increased chlorophyll a by 50.00%.
- Treatment
- 0.45 mM spermidinee0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll ae0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 50.00%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A significant increase in maize chlorophyll a (50.00%), chlorophyll b (40.40%), total chlorophyll (47.00%), photosynthetic rate (34.91%), transpiration rate (6.51%), and stomatal conductance (15.99%) compared to control under 0.50%KBC validate the potential of 0.45 mM spermidine.”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine with KBC increased chlorophyll b by 40.40%.
- Treatment
- 0.45 mM spermidinee0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll be0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 40.40%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A significant increase in maize chlorophyll a (50.00%), chlorophyll b (40.40%), total chlorophyll (47.00%), photosynthetic rate (34.91%), transpiration rate (6.51%), and stomatal conductance (15.99%) compared to control under 0.50%KBC validate the potential of 0.45 mM spermidine.”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine with KBC increased total chlorophyll by 47.00%.
- Treatment
- 0.45 mM spermidinee0
- Outcome
- total chlorophylle0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 47.00%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A significant increase in maize chlorophyll a (50.00%), chlorophyll b (40.40%), total chlorophyll (47.00%), photosynthetic rate (34.91%), transpiration rate (6.51%), and stomatal conductance (15.99%) compared to control under 0.50%KBC validate the potential of 0.45 mM spermidine.”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine with KBC increased photosynthetic rate by 34.91%.
- Treatment
- 0.45 mM spermidinee0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 34.91%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A significant increase in maize chlorophyll a (50.00%), chlorophyll b (40.40%), total chlorophyll (47.00%), photosynthetic rate (34.91%), transpiration rate (6.51%), and stomatal conductance (15.99%) compared to control under 0.50%KBC validate the potential of 0.45 mM spermidine.”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine with KBC increased transpiration rate by 6.51%.
- Treatment
- 0.45 mM spermidinee0
- Outcome
- transpiration ratee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 6.51%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A significant increase in maize chlorophyll a (50.00%), chlorophyll b (40.40%), total chlorophyll (47.00%), photosynthetic rate (34.91%), transpiration rate (6.51%), and stomatal conductance (15.99%) compared to control under 0.50%KBC validate the potential of 0.45 mM spermidine.”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine with KBC increased stomatal conductance by 15.99%.
- Treatment
- 0.45 mM spermidinee0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 15.99%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A significant increase in maize chlorophyll a (50.00%), chlorophyll b (40.40%), total chlorophyll (47.00%), photosynthetic rate (34.91%), transpiration rate (6.51%), and stomatal conductance (15.99%) compared to control under 0.50%KBC validate the potential of 0.45 mM spermidine.”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment increased root and shoot N, P, and K concentration.
- Treatment
- 0.45 mM spermidinee0
- Outcome
- N, P, and K concentration in the root and shoote0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An increase in N, P, and K concentration in the root and shoot while decrease in electrolyte leakage and antioxidants also confirmed that the 0.45 mM spermidine performed more effectively with 0.50%KBC.”
t0“maize growth”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment decreased electrolyte leakage and antioxidants.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An increase in N, P, and K concentration in the root and shoot while decrease in electrolyte leakage and antioxidants also confirmed that the 0.45 mM spermidine performed more effectively with 0.50%KBC.”
t0“maize growth”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend 0.45 mM spermidine with 0.50% KBC for maize growth.
- Outcome
- enhancing maize growthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“0.45 mM spermidine with 0.50%KBC is recommended for enhancing maize growth.”
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