Abstract
American ginseng, a highly valuable crop in North America, is susceptible to various diseases caused by fungal pathogens, including Alternaria spp., Fusarium spp., and Pestalotiopsis spp. The development of alternative control strategies that use botanicals to control fungal pathogens in American ginseng is desired as it provides multiple benefits. In this study, we isolated and identified three fungal isolates, Alternaria panax, Fusarium sporotrichioides, and Pestalotiopsis nanjingensis, from diseased American ginseng plants. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts from the roots and leaves of goldenseal were prepared, and the major alkaloid constituents were assessed via liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). Next, the antifungal effects of goldenseal extracts were tested against these three fungal pathogens. Goldenseal root ethanolic extracts exhibited the most potent inhibition against fungal growth, while goldenseal root aqueous extracts and leaf ethanolic extracts showed only moderate inhibition. At 2% (m/v) concentration, goldenseal root ethanolic extracts showed an inhibition rate of 86.0%, 94.9%, and 39.1% against A. panax, F. sporotrichioides, and P. nanjingensis, respectively. The effect of goldenseal root ethanolic extracts on the mycelial morphology of fungal isolates was studied via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mycelia of the pathogens treated with the goldenseal root ethanolic extract displayed considerable morphological alterations. This study suggests that goldenseal extracts have the potential to be used as a botanical fungicide to control plant fungal diseases caused by A. panax, F. sporotrichioides, or P. nanjingensis.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Goldenseal root ethanolic extracts gave the most potent inhibition of fungal growth, stronger than goldenseal root aqueous and leaf ethanolic extracts.
- Taxon
- Goldenseal
Hydrastis canadensise0 - Treatment
- goldenseal root ethanolic extractse0
- Outcome
- fungal growthe0
- Direction
- most potent inhibitione0
- Comparator
- goldenseal root aqueous extracts and leaf ethanolic extractse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.)”
e0“Goldenseal root ethanolic extracts exhibited the most potent inhibition against fungal growth, while goldenseal root aqueous extracts and leaf ethanolic extracts showed only moderate inhibition”
Claim · model-written summary
At 2% (m/v), goldenseal root ethanolic extract gave an inhibition rate of 86.0% against A. panax.
- Taxon
- GoldensealHydrastis canadensist0
- Treatment
- goldenseal root ethanolic extractse1
- Interactor
- A. panaxAlternaria panaxe1pathogen
- Outcome
- inhibition ratee1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 86.0%e1
- Qualifier
- 2% (m/v) concentratione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.)”
e1“At 2% (m/v) concentration, goldenseal root ethanolic extracts showed an inhibition rate of 86.0%, 94.9%, and 39.1% against A. panax, F. sporotrichioides, and P. nanjingensis, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
At 2% (m/v), goldenseal root ethanolic extract gave an inhibition rate of 94.9% against F. sporotrichioides.
- Taxon
- GoldensealHydrastis canadensist0
- Treatment
- goldenseal root ethanolic extractse1
- Interactor
- F. sporotrichioidesFusarium sporotrichioidese1pathogen
- Outcome
- inhibition ratee1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 94.9%e1
- Qualifier
- 2% (m/v) concentratione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.)”
e1“At 2% (m/v) concentration, goldenseal root ethanolic extracts showed an inhibition rate of 86.0%, 94.9%, and 39.1% against A. panax, F. sporotrichioides, and P. nanjingensis, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
At 2% (m/v), goldenseal root ethanolic extract gave an inhibition rate of 39.1% against P. nanjingensis.
- Taxon
- GoldensealHydrastis canadensist0
- Treatment
- goldenseal root ethanolic extractse1
- Interactor
- P. nanjingensisPestalotiopsis nanjingensise1pathogen
- Outcome
- inhibition ratee1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 39.1%e1
- Qualifier
- 2% (m/v) concentratione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.)”
e1“At 2% (m/v) concentration, goldenseal root ethanolic extracts showed an inhibition rate of 86.0%, 94.9%, and 39.1% against A. panax, F. sporotrichioides, and P. nanjingensis, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Goldenseal root ethanolic extract caused considerable morphological alterations in the mycelia of the pathogens.
- Taxon
- GoldensealHydrastis canadensist0
- Treatment
- goldenseal root ethanolic extracte3
- Outcome
- myceliae3
- Qualifier
- considerable morphological alterationse3
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.)”
e3“The mycelia of the pathogens treated with the goldenseal root ethanolic extract displayed considerable morphological alterations”
Claim · model-written summary
Three fungal isolates (Alternaria panax, Fusarium sporotrichioides and Pestalotiopsis nanjingensis) were isolated and identified from diseased American ginseng plants.
- Taxon
- American ginseng
Panax quinquefoliuse2 - Interactor
- Alternaria panaxAlternaria panaxe2pathogen
- Second interactor
- Fusarium sporotrichioidesFusarium sporotrichioidese2pathogen
- Outcome
- fungal isolatese2
- Qualifier
- Pestalotiopsis nanjingensise2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“we isolated and identified three fungal isolates, Alternaria panax, Fusarium sporotrichioides, and Pestalotiopsis nanjingensis, from diseased American ginseng plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Goldenseal extracts have potential as a botanical fungicide to control plant fungal diseases caused by A. panax, F. sporotrichioides and P. nanjingensis.
- Taxon
- goldensealHydrastis canadensise4
- Interactor
- A. panaxAlternaria panaxe4pathogen
- Second interactor
- F. sporotrichioidesFusarium sporotrichioidese4pathogen
- Outcome
- control plant fungal diseasese4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“This study suggests that goldenseal extracts have the potential to be used as a botanical fungicide to control plant fungal diseases caused by A. panax, F. sporotrichioides, or P. nanjingensis”