Abstract
Crop growth and yield are affected by salinity, which causes oxidative damage to plant cells. Plants respond to salinity by maintaining cellular osmotic balance, regulating ion transport, and enhancing the expression of stress-responsive genes, thereby inducing tolerance. As a byproduct of heme oxygenase (HO)-mediated degradation of heme, carbon monoxide (CO) regulates plant responses to salinity. This study investigated a CO-mediated salt stress tolerance mechanism in sorghum seedlings during germination. Sorghum seeds were germinated in the presence of 250 mM NaCl only, or in combination with a CO donor (1 and 1.5 μM hematin), HO inhibitor (5 and 10 μM zinc protoporphyrin IX; ZnPPIX), and hemoglobin (0.1 g/L Hb). Salt stress decreased the germination index (47.73%) and root length (74.31%), while hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (193.5%), and proline (475%) contents increased. This increase correlated with induced HO (137.68%) activity and transcripts of ion-exchanger and antioxidant genes. Salt stress modified vascular bundle structure, increased metaxylem pit size (42.2%) and the Na+/K+ ratio (2.06) and altered primary and secondary metabolites. However, exogenous CO (1 μM hematin) increased the germination index (63.01%) and root length (150.59%), while H2O2 (21.94%) content decreased under salt stress. Carbon monoxide further increased proline (147.62%), restored the vascular bundle structure, decreased the metaxylem pit size (31.2%) and Na+/K+ ratio (1.46), and attenuated changes observed on primary and secondary metabolites under salt stress. Carbon monoxide increased HO activity (30.49%), protein content, and antioxidant gene transcripts. The alleviatory role of CO was abolished by Hb, whereas HO activity was slightly inhibited by ZnPPIX under salt stress. These results suggest that CO elicited salt stress tolerance by reducing oxidative damage through osmotic adjustment and by regulating the expression of HO1 and the ion exchanger and antioxidant transcripts.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress decreased germination index by 47.73%.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolor
Sorghum bicolort0 - Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- germination indexe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 47.73%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress decreased the germination index (47.73%) and root length (74.31%), while hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (193.5%), and proline (475%) contents increased.”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress decreased root length by 74.31%.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 74.31%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress decreased the germination index (47.73%) and root length (74.31%), while hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (193.5%), and proline (475%) contents increased.”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by 193.5%.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 193.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress decreased the germination index (47.73%) and root length (74.31%), while hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (193.5%), and proline (475%) contents increased.”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased proline by 475%.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- prolinee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 475%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress decreased the germination index (47.73%) and root length (74.31%), while hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (193.5%), and proline (475%) contents increased.”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
The salt-associated increase correlated with induced HO activity.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Outcome
- HOe0
- Direction
- inducede0
- Value
- 137.68%e0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This increase correlated with induced HO (137.68%) activity and transcripts of ion-exchanger and antioxidant genes.”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress modified vascular bundle structure.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- vascular bundle structuree0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress modified vascular bundle structure, increased metaxylem pit size (42.2%) and the Na+/K+ ratio (2.06) and altered primary and secondary metabolites.”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased metaxylem pit size.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- metaxylem pit sizee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 42.2%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress modified vascular bundle structure, increased metaxylem pit size (42.2%) and the Na+/K+ ratio (2.06) and altered primary and secondary metabolites.”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased Na+/K+ ratio.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- Na+/K+ ratioe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2.06e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress modified vascular bundle structure, increased metaxylem pit size (42.2%) and the Na+/K+ ratio (2.06) and altered primary and secondary metabolites.”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress altered primary and secondary metabolites.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- primary and secondary metabolitese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress modified vascular bundle structure, increased metaxylem pit size (42.2%) and the Na+/K+ ratio (2.06) and altered primary and secondary metabolites.”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous CO under salt stress increased germination index.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- exogenous CO (1 μM hematin)e0
- Outcome
- germination indexe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 63.01%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, exogenous CO (1 μM hematin) increased the germination index (63.01%) and root length (150.59%), while H2O2 (21.94%) content decreased under salt stress.”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous CO under salt stress increased root length.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- exogenous CO (1 μM hematin)e0
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 150.59%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, exogenous CO (1 μM hematin) increased the germination index (63.01%) and root length (150.59%), while H2O2 (21.94%) content decreased under salt stress.”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous CO under salt stress decreased H2O2.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- exogenous CO (1 μM hematin)e0
- Outcome
- H2O2e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 21.94%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, exogenous CO (1 μM hematin) increased the germination index (63.01%) and root length (150.59%), while H2O2 (21.94%) content decreased under salt stress.”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbon monoxide under salt stress increased proline.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- Carbon monoxidee0
- Outcome
- prolinee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 147.62%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Carbon monoxide further increased proline (147.62%), restored the vascular bundle structure, decreased the metaxylem pit size (31.2%) and Na+/K+ ratio (1.46), and attenuated changes observed on primary and secondary metabolites under salt stress.”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbon monoxide under salt stress restored vascular bundle structure.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- Carbon monoxidee0
- Outcome
- vascular bundle structuree0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Carbon monoxide further increased proline (147.62%), restored the vascular bundle structure, decreased the metaxylem pit size (31.2%) and Na+/K+ ratio (1.46), and attenuated changes observed on primary and secondary metabolites under salt stress.”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbon monoxide under salt stress decreased metaxylem pit size.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- Carbon monoxidee0
- Outcome
- metaxylem pit sizee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 31.2%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Carbon monoxide further increased proline (147.62%), restored the vascular bundle structure, decreased the metaxylem pit size (31.2%) and Na+/K+ ratio (1.46), and attenuated changes observed on primary and secondary metabolites under salt stress.”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbon monoxide under salt stress decreased Na+/K+ ratio.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- Carbon monoxidee0
- Outcome
- Na+/K+ ratioe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 1.46e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Carbon monoxide further increased proline (147.62%), restored the vascular bundle structure, decreased the metaxylem pit size (31.2%) and Na+/K+ ratio (1.46), and attenuated changes observed on primary and secondary metabolites under salt stress.”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbon monoxide under salt stress attenuated primary and secondary metabolites.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- Carbon monoxidee0
- Outcome
- primary and secondary metabolitese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Carbon monoxide further increased proline (147.62%), restored the vascular bundle structure, decreased the metaxylem pit size (31.2%) and Na+/K+ ratio (1.46), and attenuated changes observed on primary and secondary metabolites under salt stress.”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbon monoxide increased HO activity.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- Carbon monoxidee0
- Outcome
- HO activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 30.49%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Carbon monoxide increased HO activity (30.49%), protein content, and antioxidant gene transcripts.”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbon monoxide increased protein content.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- Carbon monoxidee0
- Outcome
- protein contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Carbon monoxide increased HO activity (30.49%), protein content, and antioxidant gene transcripts.”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbon monoxide increased antioxidant gene transcripts.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- Carbon monoxidee0
- Outcome
- antioxidant gene transcriptse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Carbon monoxide increased HO activity (30.49%), protein content, and antioxidant gene transcripts.”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
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