Abstract
Phenological shifts in the emergence of vegetative and generative parts, occur due to the response of plants to water received due to climate change. The rukam tree (Flacourtia rukam (Zoll & Moritzi)) is a local Indonesian plant with potential as an edible fruit and antioxidant agent, but its existence is increasingly rare. F. rukam can be found in Pasuruan, East Java, including Purwodadi Botanical Garden (PBG) as collected plants and Sekarmojo Village as cultivated plants. These populations show a shift in phenology, but this has never been studied. This study aimed to analyze the spatial variation of the phenology of two rukam populations and its relation to plant water status, rainfall quantity (RQ), and drought days (DD). This research was conducted on two individual trees at each location, was conducted from August 2020 to October 2022 using secondary data from BMKG, such as daily rainfall and the number of days without rain. Phenology was directly observed every week with an estimated abundance of numbers 1-4; plant water status was observed by calculating relative water content (RWC); soil physical analysis was carried out in mid-season. Data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney test and SEM WarpPLS. The results showed differences in phenology in the phases of leaf fall, flower buds, young fruit, and ripe fruit on the trees in the different locations. The decreased RQ in the past month significantly reduced the RWC value of F. rukam in both places, while the number of DD contributed to a decrease in the RWC value in PBG only, not in Sekarmojo. In both sites, decreasing the RWC of the rukam increased the abundance of fallen leaves and the chances of flowering. Rainfall and drought days affected plant phenology directly or indirectly through RWC mediation. In both places, RQ had a direct positive and significant effect on blooming flowers and new leaves but had negative effect on fallen leaves. While DD had a positive effect on leaf fall, flower formation, and fruit ripening, but had a negative effect on the appearance of young fruit (in PBG). Indirectly, RQ mainly affected several phenological parameters, while DD did not affect all phenological parameters.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
The phenology of Flacourtia rukam differed between the two locations in the phases of leaf fall, flower buds, young fruit and ripe fruit.
- Taxon
- Flacourtia rukam
Flacourtia rukamt0 - Outcome
- phenology in the phases of leaf fall, flower buds, young fruit, and ripe fruite2
- Setting
- Pasuruan, East Javae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Variation of Phenology of Flacourtia rukam in Two Different Habitats”
e1“F. rukam can be found in Pasuruan, East Java”
e2“The results showed differences in phenology in the phases of leaf fall, flower buds, young fruit, and ripe fruit on the trees in the different locations”
Claim · model-written summary
Decreased rainfall quantity in the past month significantly reduced the relative water content of F. rukam in both places.
- Taxon
- F. rukamFlacourtia rukame3
- Treatment
- decreased RQ in the past monthe3
- Outcome
- RWC valuee3
- Direction
- reducede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Variation of Phenology of Flacourtia rukam in Two Different Habitats”
e3“The decreased RQ in the past month significantly reduced the RWC value of F. rukam in both places”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought days decreased the relative water content of F. rukam in PBG.
- Taxon
- Flacourtia rukamFlacourtia rukamt0
- Treatment
- the number of DDe4
- Outcome
- RWC valuee4
- Direction
- decreasee4
- Setting
- PBGe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Variation of Phenology of Flacourtia rukam in Two Different Habitats”
e4“the number of DD contributed to a decrease in the RWC value in PBG only, not in Sekarmojo”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought days showed no change in the relative water content of F. rukam in Sekarmojo.
- Taxon
- Flacourtia rukamFlacourtia rukamt0
- Treatment
- the number of DDe4
- Outcome
- RWC valuee4
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede4
- Setting
- Sekarmojoe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Variation of Phenology of Flacourtia rukam in Two Different Habitats”
e4“the number of DD contributed to a decrease in the RWC value in PBG only, not in Sekarmojo”
Claim · model-written summary
Decreasing relative water content of the rukam increased the abundance of fallen leaves and the chances of flowering in both sites.
Verbatim
t0“Variation of Phenology of Flacourtia rukam in Two Different Habitats”
e5“In both sites, decreasing the RWC of the rukam increased the abundance of fallen leaves and the chances of flowering”
Claim · model-written summary
Rainfall quantity had a direct positive and significant effect on blooming flowers and new leaves of F. rukam in both places.
- Taxon
- Flacourtia rukamFlacourtia rukamt0
- Treatment
- RQe6
- Outcome
- blooming flowers and new leavese6
- Direction
- positivee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Variation of Phenology of Flacourtia rukam in Two Different Habitats”
e6“In both places, RQ had a direct positive and significant effect on blooming flowers and new leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Rainfall quantity had a negative effect on fallen leaves of F. rukam.
- Taxon
- Flacourtia rukamFlacourtia rukamt0
- Treatment
- RQe6
- Outcome
- fallen leavese7
- Direction
- negativee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Variation of Phenology of Flacourtia rukam in Two Different Habitats”
e6“In both places, RQ had a direct positive and significant effect on blooming flowers and new leaves”
e7“but had negative effect on fallen leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought days had a positive effect on leaf fall, flower formation and fruit ripening of F. rukam.
- Taxon
- Flacourtia rukamFlacourtia rukamt0
- Treatment
- DDe4
- Outcome
- leaf fall, flower formation, and fruit ripeninge4
- Direction
- positivee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Variation of Phenology of Flacourtia rukam in Two Different Habitats”
e4“While DD had a positive effect on leaf fall, flower formation, and fruit ripening, but had a negative effect on the appearance of young fruit (in PBG)”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought days had a negative effect on the appearance of young fruit of F. rukam in PBG.
- Taxon
- Flacourtia rukamFlacourtia rukamt0
- Treatment
- DDe4
- Outcome
- the appearance of young fruite4
- Direction
- negativee4
- Setting
- PBGe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Variation of Phenology of Flacourtia rukam in Two Different Habitats”
e4“While DD had a positive effect on leaf fall, flower formation, and fruit ripening, but had a negative effect on the appearance of young fruit (in PBG)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rainfall quantity indirectly affected several phenological parameters of F. rukam through relative water content.
- Taxon
- Flacourtia rukamFlacourtia rukamt0
- Treatment
- RQe5
- Outcome
- several phenological parameterse5
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Variation of Phenology of Flacourtia rukam in Two Different Habitats”
e5“Indirectly, RQ mainly affected several phenological parameters, while DD did not affect all phenological parameters”