Abstract
Diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) is a greatly accurate and reliable mean of evaluating the exact nutrition status of crops via foliar analysis. DRIS has been applied to many types of crops, but DRIS has not been established for and applied to star apple, which is an important fruit in many countries. Therefore, this study aims to (i) detect soil obstacles in star apple cultivation, (ii) create a DRIS for star apple, and (iii) apply the created DRIS norms to evaluate the macro-nutrition status of star apple. In total, 90 leaf samples were obtained from 90 different star apple farms, where 90 soil samples were also collected. The soil analysis results revealed that concentrations of available nitrogen and soluble phosphorus were low and medium, indicating a high risk of reduction in star apple yield. The average yield of star apple was 200.0 kg plant−1. The high-yielding group had higher concentrations of N, K, and Mg in the leaf than the low-yielding group; however, the concentrations of Fe and Mn in the leaf were opposite, and the concentrations of P, Ca, Cu, and Zn were equivalent in the two groups. The DRIS norms have been established for star apple with 28 nutrient ratio pairs and consisted of means, coefficients of variation, variances (S2), and variance ratios (S2l/S2h), whose values were 0.136–182.6, 21.0–69.5%, 0.0024–10400.9, and 1.89–34.3, respectively. The results of applying the DRIS norms revealed that the nutrient status of star apple was deficient of N, K, and Mg.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Available soil nitrogen was low and soluble phosphorus medium, indicating risk to star apple yield.
- Taxon
- star apple
Chrysophyllum cainitoe0 - Outcome
- concentrations of available nitrogene0
- Direction
- lowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“concentrations of available nitrogen and soluble phosphorus were low and medium, indicating a high risk of reduction in star apple yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soluble phosphorus was medium, with a stated high risk of reduced star apple yield.
- Taxon
- star appleChrysophyllum cainitoe0
- Outcome
- soluble phosphoruse0
- Direction
- mediume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“concentrations of available nitrogen and soluble phosphorus were low and medium, indicating a high risk of reduction in star apple yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
Average star apple yield was 200.0 kg per plant.
- Taxon
- star appleChrysophyllum cainitoe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Value
- 200.0 kg plant−1e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The average yield of star apple was 200.0 kg plant−1.”
Claim · model-written summary
High-yielding farms had higher leaf N, K and Mg than low-yielding farms.
- Taxon
- star appleChrysophyllum cainitot0
- Outcome
- concentrations of N, K, and Mg in the leafe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- low-yielding groupe0
- Setting
- high-yielding groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The high-yielding group had higher concentrations of N, K, and Mg in the leaf than the low-yielding group”
t0“star apple”
Claim · model-written summary
High-yielding farms had lower leaf Fe and Mn than low-yielding farms.
- Taxon
- star appleChrysophyllum cainitot0
- Outcome
- concentrations of Fe and Mn in the leafe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the concentrations of Fe and Mn in the leaf were opposite”
t0“star apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf P, Ca, Cu and Zn were equivalent in high- and low-yielding groups.
- Taxon
- star appleChrysophyllum cainitot0
- Outcome
- concentrations of P, Ca, Cu, and Zne0
- Direction
- equivalente0
- Comparator
- two groupse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the concentrations of P, Ca, Cu, and Zn were equivalent in the two groups.”
t0“star apple”
Claim · model-written summary
DRIS norms were established using 28 nutrient ratio pairs.
- Taxon
- star appleChrysophyllum cainitoe0
- Outcome
- DRIS normse0
- Value
- 28 nutrient ratio pairse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The DRIS norms have been established for star apple with 28 nutrient ratio pairs”
Claim · model-written summary
DRIS norm means ranged from 0.136 to 182.6.
- Taxon
- star appleChrysophyllum cainitot0
- Outcome
- meanse0
- Value
- 0.136–182.6e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“means, coefficients of variation, variances (S2), and variance ratios (S2l/S2h), whose values were 0.136–182.6, 21.0–69.5%, 0.0024–10400.9, and 1.89–34.3, respectively.”
t0“star apple”
Claim · model-written summary
DRIS norm coefficients of variation ranged from 21.0 to 69.5%.
- Taxon
- star appleChrysophyllum cainitot0
- Outcome
- coefficients of variatione0
- Value
- 21.0–69.5%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“coefficients of variation, variances (S2), and variance ratios (S2l/S2h), whose values were 0.136–182.6, 21.0–69.5%, 0.0024–10400.9, and 1.89–34.3, respectively.”
t0“star apple”
Claim · model-written summary
DRIS norm variances ranged from 0.0024 to 10400.9.
- Taxon
- star appleChrysophyllum cainitot0
- Outcome
- variances (S2)e0
- Value
- 0.0024–10400.9e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“variances (S2), and variance ratios (S2l/S2h), whose values were 0.136–182.6, 21.0–69.5%, 0.0024–10400.9, and 1.89–34.3, respectively.”
t0“star apple”
Claim · model-written summary
DRIS norm variance ratios ranged from 1.89 to 34.3.
- Taxon
- star appleChrysophyllum cainitot0
- Outcome
- variance ratios (S2l/S2h)e0
- Value
- 1.89–34.3e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“variance ratios (S2l/S2h), whose values were 0.136–182.6, 21.0–69.5%, 0.0024–10400.9, and 1.89–34.3, respectively.”
t0“star apple”
Claim · model-written summary
DRIS norms indicated star apple deficiency in N, K and Mg.
- Taxon
- star appleChrysophyllum cainitoe0
- Outcome
- nutrient statuse0
- Direction
- deficiente0
- Qualifier
- N, K, and Mge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results of applying the DRIS norms revealed that the nutrient status of star apple was deficient of N, K, and Mg.”