Abstract
Abstract Raising soil contamination with cadmium (Cd 2+ ) and salinization necessitates the development of green approaches using bio-elicitors to ensure sustainable crop production and mitigate the detrimental health impacts. Two field trials were carried out to study the individual and combined effects of foliage spraying of Moringa leaf extract (MLE) and soil application of effective microorganisms (EMs) on the physio-biochemical, osmolytes, antioxidants, and performance of sweet potato grown in Cd 2+ -contaminated salty soil (Cd 2+ = 17.42 mg kg −1 soil and soil salinity ECe = 7.42 dS m −1 ). Application of MLE, EMs, or MLE plus EMs significantly reduced the accumulation of Cd 2+ in roots by 55.6%, 50.0%, or 68.1% and in leaves by 31.4%, 27.6%, or 38.0%, respectively, compared to the control. Co-application of MLE and EMs reduced Na + concentration while substantially raising N, P, K + , and Ca 2+ acquisition in the leaves. MLE and EMs-treated plants exhibited higher concentrations of total soluble sugar by 69.6%, free proline by 47.7%, total free amino acids by 29.0%, and protein by 125.7% compared to the control. The enzymatic (SOD, APX, GR, and CAT) and non-enzymatic (phenolic acids, GSH, and AsA) antioxidants increased in plants treated with MLE and/or EMs application. Applying MLE and/or EMs increased the leaf photosynthetic pigment contents, membrane stability, relative water content, water productivity, growth traits, and tuber yield of Cd 2+ and salt-stressed sweet potato. Consequently, the integrative application of MLE and EMs achieved the best results exceeding the single treatments recommended in future application to sweet potato in saline soil contaminated with Cd 2+ .
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
MLE reduced Cd 2+ accumulation in sweet potato roots by 55.6% compared with the control in field trials.
- Taxon
- sweet potato
_Flower.jpg?width=60)
Ipomoea batatase2 - Organ / stage
- rootse1
- Treatment
- MLEe1
- Outcome
- accumulation of Cd 2+e1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 55.6%e1
- Comparator
- controle1
- Setting
- field trialse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Flower.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“Application of MLE, EMs, or MLE plus EMs significantly reduced the accumulation of Cd 2+ in roots by 55.6%, 50.0%, or 68.1% and in leaves by 31.4%, 27.6%, or 38.0%, respectively, compared to the control”
e2“sweet potato grown in Cd 2+ -contaminated salty soil”
e3“Two field trials were carried out”
Claim · model-written summary
EMs reduced Cd 2+ accumulation in sweet potato roots by 50.0% compared with the control in field trials.
- Taxon
- sweet potatoIpomoea batatase2
- Organ / stage
- rootse1
- Treatment
- EMse1
- Outcome
- accumulation of Cd 2+e1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 50.0%e1
- Comparator
- controle1
- Setting
- field trialse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Application of MLE, EMs, or MLE plus EMs significantly reduced the accumulation of Cd 2+ in roots by 55.6%, 50.0%, or 68.1% and in leaves by 31.4%, 27.6%, or 38.0%, respectively, compared to the control”
e2“sweet potato grown in Cd 2+ -contaminated salty soil”
e3“Two field trials were carried out”
Claim · model-written summary
MLE plus EMs reduced Cd 2+ accumulation in sweet potato roots by 68.1% compared with the control in field trials.
- Taxon
- sweet potatoIpomoea batatase2
- Organ / stage
- rootse1
- Treatment
- MLE plus EMse1
- Outcome
- accumulation of Cd 2+e1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 68.1%e1
- Comparator
- controle1
- Setting
- field trialse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Application of MLE, EMs, or MLE plus EMs significantly reduced the accumulation of Cd 2+ in roots by 55.6%, 50.0%, or 68.1% and in leaves by 31.4%, 27.6%, or 38.0%, respectively, compared to the control”
e2“sweet potato grown in Cd 2+ -contaminated salty soil”
e3“Two field trials were carried out”
Claim · model-written summary
MLE reduced Cd 2+ accumulation in sweet potato leaves by 31.4% compared with the control in field trials.
- Taxon
- sweet potatoIpomoea batatase2
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- MLEe1
- Outcome
- accumulation of Cd 2+e1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 31.4%e1
- Comparator
- controle1
- Setting
- field trialse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Application of MLE, EMs, or MLE plus EMs significantly reduced the accumulation of Cd 2+ in roots by 55.6%, 50.0%, or 68.1% and in leaves by 31.4%, 27.6%, or 38.0%, respectively, compared to the control”
e2“sweet potato grown in Cd 2+ -contaminated salty soil”
e3“Two field trials were carried out”
Claim · model-written summary
EMs reduced Cd 2+ accumulation in sweet potato leaves by 27.6% compared with the control in field trials.
- Taxon
- sweet potatoIpomoea batatase2
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- EMse1
- Outcome
- accumulation of Cd 2+e1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 27.6%e1
- Comparator
- controle1
- Setting
- field trialse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Application of MLE, EMs, or MLE plus EMs significantly reduced the accumulation of Cd 2+ in roots by 55.6%, 50.0%, or 68.1% and in leaves by 31.4%, 27.6%, or 38.0%, respectively, compared to the control”
e2“sweet potato grown in Cd 2+ -contaminated salty soil”
e3“Two field trials were carried out”
Claim · model-written summary
MLE plus EMs reduced Cd 2+ accumulation in sweet potato leaves by 38.0% compared with the control in field trials.
- Taxon
- sweet potatoIpomoea batatase2
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- MLE plus EMse1
- Outcome
- accumulation of Cd 2+e1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 38.0%e1
- Comparator
- controle1
- Setting
- field trialse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Application of MLE, EMs, or MLE plus EMs significantly reduced the accumulation of Cd 2+ in roots by 55.6%, 50.0%, or 68.1% and in leaves by 31.4%, 27.6%, or 38.0%, respectively, compared to the control”
e2“sweet potato grown in Cd 2+ -contaminated salty soil”
e3“Two field trials were carried out”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application of MLE and EMs reduced leaf Na+ concentration in salt- and Cd-stressed sweet potato.
- Taxon
- sweet potatoIpomoea batatase2
- Organ / stage
- leavese4
- Treatment
- Co-application of MLE and EMse4
- Outcome
- Na + concentratione4
- Direction
- reducede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Co-application of MLE and EMs reduced Na + concentration while substantially raising N, P, K + , and Ca 2+ acquisition in the leaves”
e2“sweet potato grown in Cd 2+ -contaminated salty soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application of MLE and EMs raised N, P and K+ acquisition in sweet potato leaves.
- Taxon
- sweet potatoIpomoea batatase2
- Organ / stage
- leavese4
- Treatment
- Co-application of MLE and EMse4
- Outcome
- N, P, K +e4
- Direction
- raisinge4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Co-application of MLE and EMs reduced Na + concentration while substantially raising N, P, K + , and Ca 2+ acquisition in the leaves”
e2“sweet potato grown in Cd 2+ -contaminated salty soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application of MLE and EMs raised Ca2+ acquisition in sweet potato leaves.
- Taxon
- sweet potatoIpomoea batatase2
- Organ / stage
- leavese4
- Treatment
- Co-application of MLE and EMse4
- Outcome
- Ca 2+ acquisitione4
- Direction
- raisinge4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Co-application of MLE and EMs reduced Na + concentration while substantially raising N, P, K + , and Ca 2+ acquisition in the leaves”
e2“sweet potato grown in Cd 2+ -contaminated salty soil”
Claim · model-written summary
MLE and EMs-treated sweet potato plants had 69.6% higher total soluble sugar than the control.
- Taxon
- sweet potatoIpomoea batatase2
- Treatment
- MLE and EMse5
- Outcome
- total soluble sugare5
- Direction
- highere5
- Value
- 69.6%e5
- Comparator
- controle5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“MLE and EMs-treated plants exhibited higher concentrations of total soluble sugar by 69.6%, free proline by 47.7%, total free amino acids by 29.0%, and protein by 125.7% compared to the control”
e2“sweet potato grown in Cd 2+ -contaminated salty soil”
Claim · model-written summary
MLE and EMs-treated sweet potato plants had 47.7% higher free proline than the control.
- Taxon
- sweet potatoIpomoea batatase2
- Treatment
- MLE and EMse5
- Outcome
- free prolinee5
- Direction
- highere5
- Value
- 47.7%e5
- Comparator
- controle5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“MLE and EMs-treated plants exhibited higher concentrations of total soluble sugar by 69.6%, free proline by 47.7%, total free amino acids by 29.0%, and protein by 125.7% compared to the control”
e2“sweet potato grown in Cd 2+ -contaminated salty soil”
Claim · model-written summary
MLE and EMs-treated sweet potato plants had 29.0% higher total free amino acids than the control.
- Taxon
- sweet potatoIpomoea batatase2
- Treatment
- MLE and EMse5
- Outcome
- total free amino acidse5
- Direction
- highere5
- Value
- 29.0%e5
- Comparator
- controle5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“MLE and EMs-treated plants exhibited higher concentrations of total soluble sugar by 69.6%, free proline by 47.7%, total free amino acids by 29.0%, and protein by 125.7% compared to the control”
e2“sweet potato grown in Cd 2+ -contaminated salty soil”
Claim · model-written summary
MLE and EMs-treated sweet potato plants had 125.7% higher protein than the control.
- Taxon
- sweet potatoIpomoea batatase2
- Treatment
- MLE and EMse5
- Outcome
- proteine5
- Direction
- highere5
- Value
- 125.7%e5
- Comparator
- controle5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“MLE and EMs-treated plants exhibited higher concentrations of total soluble sugar by 69.6%, free proline by 47.7%, total free amino acids by 29.0%, and protein by 125.7% compared to the control”
e2“sweet potato grown in Cd 2+ -contaminated salty soil”
Claim · model-written summary
MLE and/or EMs increased the SOD, APX and GR enzymatic antioxidants in sweet potato.
- Taxon
- sweet potatoIpomoea batatase2
- Treatment
- MLE and/or EMse6
- Outcome
- SOD, APX, GRe6
- Direction
- increasede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“The enzymatic (SOD, APX, GR, and CAT) and non-enzymatic (phenolic acids, GSH, and AsA) antioxidants increased in plants treated with MLE and/or EMs application”
e2“sweet potato grown in Cd 2+ -contaminated salty soil”
Claim · model-written summary
MLE and/or EMs increased the CAT enzymatic antioxidant in sweet potato.
- Taxon
- sweet potatoIpomoea batatase2
- Treatment
- MLE and/or EMse6
- Outcome
- CATe6
- Direction
- increasede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“The enzymatic (SOD, APX, GR, and CAT) and non-enzymatic (phenolic acids, GSH, and AsA) antioxidants increased in plants treated with MLE and/or EMs application”
e2“sweet potato grown in Cd 2+ -contaminated salty soil”
Claim · model-written summary
MLE and/or EMs increased the non-enzymatic antioxidants phenolic acids, GSH and AsA in sweet potato.
- Taxon
- sweet potatoIpomoea batatase2
- Treatment
- MLE and/or EMse6
- Outcome
- phenolic acids, GSH, and AsAe6
- Direction
- increasede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“The enzymatic (SOD, APX, GR, and CAT) and non-enzymatic (phenolic acids, GSH, and AsA) antioxidants increased in plants treated with MLE and/or EMs application”
e2“sweet potato grown in Cd 2+ -contaminated salty soil”
Claim · model-written summary
MLE and/or EMs increased leaf photosynthetic pigment contents, membrane stability and relative water content in Cd- and salt-stressed sweet potato.
- Taxon
- sweet potatoIpomoea batatase2
- Organ / stage
- leafe7
- Treatment
- MLE and/or EMse7
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigment contents, membrane stability, relative water contente7
- Direction
- increasede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Applying MLE and/or EMs increased the leaf photosynthetic pigment contents, membrane stability, relative water content, water productivity, growth traits, and tuber yield of Cd 2+ and salt-stressed sweet potato”
e2“sweet potato grown in Cd 2+ -contaminated salty soil”
Claim · model-written summary
MLE and/or EMs increased water productivity, growth traits and tuber yield in Cd- and salt-stressed sweet potato.
- Taxon
- sweet potatoIpomoea batatase2
- Treatment
- MLE and/or EMse7
- Outcome
- water productivity, growth traits, and tuber yielde7
- Direction
- increasede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Applying MLE and/or EMs increased the leaf photosynthetic pigment contents, membrane stability, relative water content, water productivity, growth traits, and tuber yield of Cd 2+ and salt-stressed sweet potato”
e2“sweet potato grown in Cd 2+ -contaminated salty soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrative application of MLE and EMs gave the best results in sweet potato, exceeding the single treatments.
- Taxon
- sweet potatoIpomoea batatase2
- Treatment
- integrative application of MLE and EMse0
- Outcome
- best resultse0
- Direction
- exceedinge0
- Comparator
- single treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Consequently, the integrative application of MLE and EMs achieved the best results exceeding the single treatments recommended in future application to sweet potato in saline soil contaminated with Cd 2+”
e2“sweet potato grown in Cd 2+ -contaminated salty soil”
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8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.