Abstract
BACKGROUND: The rice-wheat cropping system is the prevailing agricultural method in the North-Western states of India, namely in the Indo-Gangetic plains. The practice of open burning of rice residue is frequently employed for expedient land preparation, but it has significant adverse impacts on both the environment and human health. These include the emission of greenhouse gases, loss of nutrients, elevated concentrations of particulate matter (PM), and disruption of the biological cycle. This research aims to investigate the implementation of effective management strategies in the rice-wheat cropping system, namely via the use of tillage-based crop cultivation techniques, stubble retention, and integration approaches. The objective is to enhance soil health features in order to augment crop yield and improve its attributes. RESULTS: The research was carried out using a split plot experimental design, consisting of three replications. The main plot consisted of four different cultivation methods, while the subplot included three genotypes of both rice and wheat. The research demonstrates the enhanced efficacy of residue application is significantly augmenting soil nutrient concentrations compared to standard tillage practices (P < 0.05). This was accomplished by an analysis of soil nutrient levels, namely nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and organic carbon (OC), at a depth of 0-15 cm. The implementation of natural farming, zero tillage, and reduced tillage practices resulted in decreases in rice grain yields of 34.0%, 16.1%, and 10.8%, respectively, as compared to conventional tillage methods. Similarly, the implementation of natural farming, zero tillage, and reduced tillage resulted in reductions in wheat grain yields of 59.4%, 10.9%, and 4.6% respectively, in comparison to conventional tillage practices. CONCLUSION: Regarding the individual crop genotypes investigated, it was continuously observed that Him Palam Lal Dhan 1 and HPW 368 displayed considerably greater grain yields for both rice and wheat during the two-year experimental period. Furthermore, when considering different cultivation methods, conventional tillage emerged as the most effective approach for obtaining higher productivity in both rice and wheat. Additionally, Him Palam Lal Dhan 1 and HPW 368 exhibited superior performance in terms of various crucial yield components for rice (such as panicle density, grains per panicle, panicle weight, and test weight) and wheat (including effective tiller density, grains per spike, spike weight, and 1000-grain weight).
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Residue application significantly increased soil nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic carbon relative to standard tillage.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Oryza sativa
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- residue applicatione0
- Outcome
- soil nutrient concentrationse0
- Direction
- augmentinge0
- Qualifier
- nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and organic carbon (OC)e1
- Comparator
- standard tillage practicese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“residue application is significantly augmenting soil nutrient concentrations compared to standard tillage practices (P < 0.05)”
e1“nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and organic carbon (OC)”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Natural farming decreased rice grain yield by 34.0% versus conventional tillage.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- natural farminge0
- Outcome
- rice grain yieldse0
- Direction
- decreasese0
- Value
- 34.0%e0
- Comparator
- conventional tillage methodse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“natural farming, zero tillage, and reduced tillage practices resulted in decreases in rice grain yields of 34.0%, 16.1%, and 10.8%, respectively, as compared to conventional tillage methods.”
Claim · model-written summary
Zero tillage decreased rice grain yield by 16.1%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- zero tillagee0
- Outcome
- rice grain yieldse0
- Direction
- decreasese0
- Value
- 16.1%e0
- Comparator
- conventional tillage methodse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“natural farming, zero tillage, and reduced tillage practices resulted in decreases in rice grain yields of 34.0%, 16.1%, and 10.8%, respectively, as compared to conventional tillage methods.”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced tillage decreased rice grain yield by 10.8%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- reduced tillagee0
- Outcome
- rice grain yieldse0
- Direction
- decreasese0
- Value
- 10.8%e0
- Comparator
- conventional tillage methodse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“natural farming, zero tillage, and reduced tillage practices resulted in decreases in rice grain yields of 34.0%, 16.1%, and 10.8%, respectively, as compared to conventional tillage methods.”
Claim · model-written summary
Natural farming reduced wheat grain yield by 59.4%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- natural farminge0
- Outcome
- wheat grain yieldse0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 59.4%e0
- Comparator
- conventional tillage practicese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“natural farming, zero tillage, and reduced tillage resulted in reductions in wheat grain yields of 59.4%, 10.9%, and 4.6% respectively, in comparison to conventional tillage practices.”
Claim · model-written summary
Zero tillage reduced wheat grain yield by 10.9%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- zero tillagee0
- Outcome
- wheat grain yieldse0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 10.9%e0
- Comparator
- conventional tillage practicese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“natural farming, zero tillage, and reduced tillage resulted in reductions in wheat grain yields of 59.4%, 10.9%, and 4.6% respectively, in comparison to conventional tillage practices.”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced tillage reduced wheat grain yield by 4.6%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- reduced tillagee0
- Outcome
- wheat grain yieldse0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 4.6%e0
- Comparator
- conventional tillage practicese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“natural farming, zero tillage, and reduced tillage resulted in reductions in wheat grain yields of 59.4%, 10.9%, and 4.6% respectively, in comparison to conventional tillage practices.”
Claim · model-written summary
Him Palam Lal Dhan 1 had greater rice grain yield.
- Taxon
- Rice (Oryza sativa L.)Oryza sativat0
- Material
- Him Palam Lal Dhan 1e0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- greatere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Him Palam Lal Dhan 1 and HPW 368 displayed considerably greater grain yields for both rice and wheat during the two-year experimental period.”
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
HPW 368 had greater wheat grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Material
- HPW 368e0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- greatere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Him Palam Lal Dhan 1 and HPW 368 displayed considerably greater grain yields for both rice and wheat during the two-year experimental period.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional tillage gave the highest productivity for rice and wheat.
- Taxon
- rice and wheatOryza sativaTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- conventional tillagee0
- Outcome
- productivitye0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“conventional tillage emerged as the most effective approach for obtaining higher productivity in both rice and wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
Him Palam Lal Dhan 1 performed better on rice panicle and test weight components.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- Him Palam Lal Dhan 1e0
- Outcome
- panicle density, grains per panicle, panicle weight, and test weighte0
- Direction
- superiore0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Him Palam Lal Dhan 1 and HPW 368 exhibited superior performance in terms of various crucial yield components for rice (such as panicle density, grains per panicle, panicle weight, and test weight) and wheat (including effective tiller density, grains per spike, spike weight, and 1000-grain weight).”
Claim · model-written summary
HPW 368 performed better on wheat tiller, spike and grain weight components.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- HPW 368e0
- Outcome
- effective tiller density, grains per spike, spike weight, and 1000-grain weighte0
- Direction
- superiore0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Him Palam Lal Dhan 1 and HPW 368 exhibited superior performance in terms of various crucial yield components for rice (such as panicle density, grains per panicle, panicle weight, and test weight) and wheat (including effective tiller density, grains per spike, spike weight, and 1000-grain weight).”
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