Abstract
Abstract For plants, the risk of stress‐induced reproductive failure can be spread temporally and spatially by increasing the variation in stress tolerance and dispersibility, respectively. Yet, we have limited understanding on how intraspecific stress tolerance can be interactively adjusted by these two risk‐spreading strategies. Seed‐dimorphic plants, which are frequently found in stressful and fluctuating environments, can produce dimorphic offspring with different stress tolerances and dispersibilities. Using a seed‐dimorphic Asteraceae, Synedrella nodiflora , we illustrated how maternal‐drought‐induced changes in drought tolerance and dispersibility may interactively increase intraspecific drought tolerance variation, and thus potentially improve adaptation to various water conditions. Maternal drought stress increased the mean or variation of drought tolerance of the less‐dispersible (R‐type) offspring, whereas it had variable effects on the drought tolerance of the more‐dispersible (D‐type) offspring depending on maternal seed morph (R‐type vs. D‐type) and habitat (dry vs. wet). Because the relative abundances of these two types of offspring remained largely unchanged by maternal drought, there was an overall increase in the intraspecific mean and variation of drought tolerance under maternal drought stress, driven by the changes in the less‐dispersible offspring. Synthesis . Our results indicate a strong interaction between stress tolerance variation and seed dispersibility in seed‐dimorphic plant species. Using drought tolerance as an indicator, we demonstrate a potential pathway for the adaptive evolution of seed‐dimorphic plants that may contribute to their wide distribution. More importantly, our findings highlight the ecological significance of seed dimorphism and the variation of stress tolerance to avoid reproductive failure under various environmental conditions.
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
Maternal drought stress increased the mean or variation of drought tolerance of the less-dispersible (R-type) offspring of Synedrella nodiflora.
- Taxon
- Synedrella nodiflora
Synedrella nodiflorae0 - Treatment
- Maternal drought stresse1
- Outcome
- mean or variation of drought tolerancee1
- Direction
- increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using a seed‐dimorphic Asteraceae, Synedrella nodiflora”
e1“Maternal drought stress increased the mean or variation of drought tolerance of the less‐dispersible (R‐type) offspring”
Claim · model-written summary
Maternal drought had variable effects on drought tolerance of the more-dispersible (D-type) offspring, depending on maternal seed morph and habitat.
- Taxon
- Synedrella nodifloraSynedrella nodiflorae0
- Treatment
- Maternal drought stresse1
- Outcome
- drought tolerancee2
- Qualifier
- depending on maternal seed morphe2
- Setting
- dry vs. wete2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using a seed‐dimorphic Asteraceae, Synedrella nodiflora”
e1“Maternal drought stress increased the mean or variation of drought tolerance of the less‐dispersible (R‐type) offspring”
e2“it had variable effects on the drought tolerance of the more‐dispersible (D‐type) offspring depending on maternal seed morph (R‐type vs. D‐type) and habitat (dry vs. wet)”
Claim · model-written summary
Relative abundances of the two offspring types of Synedrella nodiflora remained largely unchanged by maternal drought.
- Taxon
- Synedrella nodifloraSynedrella nodiflorae0
- Treatment
- maternal droughte3
- Outcome
- relative abundances of these two types of offspringe3
- Direction
- unchangede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using a seed‐dimorphic Asteraceae, Synedrella nodiflora”
e3“Because the relative abundances of these two types of offspring remained largely unchanged by maternal drought”
Claim · model-written summary
Maternal drought stress produced an overall increase in the intraspecific mean and variation of drought tolerance of Synedrella nodiflora.
- Taxon
- Synedrella nodifloraSynedrella nodiflorae0
- Treatment
- maternal drought stresse4
- Outcome
- intraspecific mean and variation of drought tolerancee4
- Direction
- increasee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using a seed‐dimorphic Asteraceae, Synedrella nodiflora”
e4“there was an overall increase in the intraspecific mean and variation of drought tolerance under maternal drought stress”
Claim · model-written summary
The overall increase in intraspecific drought tolerance variation is driven by changes in the less-dispersible offspring.
- Taxon
- Synedrella nodifloraSynedrella nodiflorae0
- Outcome
- intraspecific mean and variation of drought tolerancee4
- Qualifier
- driven by the changes in the less‐dispersible offspringe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using a seed‐dimorphic Asteraceae, Synedrella nodiflora”
e4“there was an overall increase in the intraspecific mean and variation of drought tolerance under maternal drought stress”
e5“driven by the changes in the less‐dispersible offspring”