Abstract
Safflower is known as a tolerant plant to abiotic stress factors. This study was conducted to introduce some physiological indices to improve drought-tolerant safflower genotypes for cultivation in marginal and arid areas. Six safflower genotypes were studied for two years (2017–2019) in the East Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Centre of Iran under non-stressed and low-water conditions from flowering to seed maturity. The occurrence of water deficits led to a significant decrease in relative water content (RWC), stomatal conductance (gs), osmotic adjustment (Oadj), water potential (WP) and agronomic water use efficiency (WUEa) and an increase in the water stress index (CWSI). In addition, the values of these traits differed significantly between the safflower genotypes. The correlations between the physiological traits and seed yield were significant. The regression relationships between seed yield and the above traits showed that CWSI, WP and WUEa had a strong relationship with seed yield under normal (R2 = 0.854, 0.801 and 0.856, respectively) and water deficit conditions (R2 = 0.931, 0.877 and 0.900, respectively). It can be concluded that the CWSI, WP and WUEa indices are able to select high-yielding and drought-tolerant safflower genotypes for the late season. Among the components of seed yield, the number of capitula per plant (r = 0.86) and seeds per capitula (r = 0.92), which were positively and significantly correlated with seed yield, played the main roles in the formation of seed yield. The Golemehr and Mec.295 genotypes achieved higher seed yields under normal (4676 and 4961 kg h−1, respectively) and water deficit conditions (3211 and 3385 kg h−1, respectively) and can be recommended for cultivation in marginal and arid areas.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit significantly decreased relative water content, stomatal conductance, and osmotic adjustment.
- Taxon
- Safflower
Carthamus tinctoriust0 - Treatment
- water deficitse0
- Outcome
- relative water content (RWC), stomatal conductance (gs), osmotic adjustment (Oadj)e0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Safflower”
e0“water deficits led to a significant decrease in relative water content (RWC), stomatal conductance (gs), osmotic adjustment (Oadj)”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit significantly decreased water potential and agronomic water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- SafflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- water deficitse0
- Outcome
- water potential (WP) and agronomic water use efficiency (WUEa)e0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Safflower”
e0“water deficits led to a significant decrease in relative water content (RWC), stomatal conductance (gs), osmotic adjustment (Oadj), water potential (WP) and agronomic water use efficiency (WUEa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit increased the water stress index.
- Taxon
- SafflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- water deficitse0
- Outcome
- water stress index (CWSI)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Safflower”
e0“water deficits led to a significant decrease in relative water content (RWC), stomatal conductance (gs), osmotic adjustment (Oadj), water potential (WP) and agronomic water use efficiency (WUEa) and an increase in the water stress index (CWSI)”
Claim · model-written summary
These physiological traits differed significantly among safflower genotypes.
- Taxon
- SafflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Material
- safflower genotypese0
- Outcome
- values of these traitse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Safflower”
e0“the values of these traits differed significantly between the safflower genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Physiological traits were significantly correlated with seed yield.
- Taxon
- SafflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Qualifier
- physiological traitse0
Not reportedOrgan / stageDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Safflower”
e0“The correlations between the physiological traits and seed yield were significant”
Claim · model-written summary
CWSI was strongly related to seed yield under normal and water deficit conditions.
- Taxon
- SafflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Value
- R2 = 0.854e0
- Qualifier
- CWSIe0
- Setting
- normale0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Safflower”
e0“CWSI, WP and WUEa had a strong relationship with seed yield under normal (R2 = 0.854, 0.801 and 0.856, respectively) and water deficit conditions (R2 = 0.931, 0.877 and 0.900, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
WP was strongly related to seed yield under normal and water deficit conditions.
- Taxon
- SafflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Qualifier
- WPe0
- Setting
- normale0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Safflower”
e0“CWSI, WP and WUEa had a strong relationship with seed yield under normal (R2 = 0.854, 0.801 and 0.856, respectively) and water deficit conditions (R2 = 0.931, 0.877 and 0.900, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
WUEa was strongly related to seed yield under normal and water deficit conditions.
- Taxon
- SafflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Qualifier
- WUEae0
- Setting
- normale0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Safflower”
e0“CWSI, WP and WUEa had a strong relationship with seed yield under normal (R2 = 0.854, 0.801 and 0.856, respectively) and water deficit conditions (R2 = 0.931, 0.877 and 0.900, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Capitula number per plant correlated positively with seed yield (r = 0.86).
- Taxon
- SafflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Organ / stage
- capitulae0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- positivelye0
- Value
- r = 0.86e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Safflower”
e0“number of capitula per plant (r = 0.86) and seeds per capitula (r = 0.92), which were positively and significantly correlated with seed yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Seeds per capitulum correlated positively with seed yield (r = 0.92).
- Taxon
- SafflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Organ / stage
- capitulae0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- positivelye0
- Value
- r = 0.92e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Safflower”
e0“seeds per capitula (r = 0.92), which were positively and significantly correlated with seed yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Golemehr yielded 4676 kg h−1 normally and 3211 kg h−1 under water deficit.
- Taxon
- SafflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Material
- Golemehre0
- Outcome
- seed yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 4676e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Safflower”
e0“The Golemehr and Mec.295 genotypes achieved higher seed yields under normal (4676 and 4961 kg h−1, respectively) and water deficit conditions (3211 and 3385 kg h−1, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Mec.295 yielded 4961 kg h−1 normally and 3385 kg h−1 under water deficit.
- Taxon
- SafflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Material
- Mec.295e0
- Outcome
- seed yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 4961 kg h−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Safflower”
e0“The Golemehr and Mec.295 genotypes achieved higher seed yields under normal (4676 and 4961 kg h−1, respectively) and water deficit conditions (3211 and 3385 kg h−1, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
CWSI, WP and WUEa can select high yielding drought tolerant safflower genotypes.
- Taxon
- SafflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Outcome
- select high-yielding and drought-tolerant safflower genotypese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Safflower”
e0“CWSI, WP and WUEa indices are able to select high-yielding and drought-tolerant safflower genotypes for the late season”
Claim · model-written summary
Golemehr is recommended for cultivation in marginal and arid areas.
- Taxon
- SafflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Material
- Golemehre0
- Outcome
- cultivation in marginal and arid arease0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Safflower”
e0“The Golemehr and Mec.295 genotypes achieved higher seed yields under normal (4676 and 4961 kg h−1, respectively) and water deficit conditions (3211 and 3385 kg h−1, respectively) and can be recommended for cultivation in marginal and arid areas”
Claim · model-written summary
Mec.295 is recommended for cultivation in marginal and arid areas.
- Taxon
- SafflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Material
- Mec.295e0
- Outcome
- cultivation in marginal and arid arease0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Safflower”
e0“The Golemehr and Mec.295 genotypes achieved higher seed yields under normal (4676 and 4961 kg h−1, respectively) and water deficit conditions (3211 and 3385 kg h−1, respectively) and can be recommended for cultivation in marginal and arid areas”