Abstract
The agricultural productivity and sustainability in Eastern Gangetic Plain Zones of India are threatened because of the inefficiency of current production practices, shortage of resources, and socioeconomic constraints. We hypothesized the potential impact of intensified cereal systems with mung bean as a third crop within the annual cropping cycle. We assessed economic, social, and environmental indicators for intensified and current cropping system management practiced by different farm types in the region using the FarmDESIGN model. Building on a farm typology constructed for the region in our past research, we used five types of farmers: part-time (PT), well-endowed (WE), small-scale (SS) crop and livestock mix, medium-scale (MS), and resource-poor farmers (RP) in this study. The performance indicators of the 229 original cropping systems cultivated within the 43 farms varied strongly in the eight performance indicators. This variability of cropping systems performance within the farm types resulted in the absence of significant differences between the types. Compared to the original cropping systems, the intensified cropping systems with mung bean not only performed high in dietary energy (DE) production and organic matter (OM) inputs into the soil but also had high application rates of biocides and minimized losses of nitrogen (N). The intervention systems were low in labor requirement and scored at an intermediate level for crop gross margin, water use, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The ranges of areas of maize- and rice-based systems that could be replaced by intensified systems were largest for the WE and RP farm types. This was reflected in large ranges of change in the performance indicators, but no significant differences in response were found between the farm types. The intensification of maize- and rice-based systems with the proposed intervention cropping systems involving mung bean would result in increased profitability, higher DE yield, and lower requirements for labor and water as the proportion of the farms being converted increases. However, the use of biocides would increase, while the intervention cropping systems would have no significant effect on OM input, GHG emissions, and soil N losses.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Performance of original cropping systems varied strongly across eight indicators.
Verbatim
e0“The performance indicators of the 229 original cropping systems cultivated within the 43 farms varied strongly in the eight performance indicators.”
Claim · model-written summary
Farm types had no significant performance differences because within-type variability was high.
- Outcome
- cropping systems performancee0
- Direction
- absence of significant differencese0
- Comparator
- farm typese0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“This variability of cropping systems performance within the farm types resulted in the absence of significant differences between the types.”
t0“cropping diversity and intensity”
Claim · model-written summary
Intensified mung bean systems had higher dietary energy production.
- Taxon
- mung bean
.jpg?width=60)
Vigna radiatae0 - Treatment
- intensified cropping systems with mung beane0
- Outcome
- dietary energy (DE) productione0
- Direction
- highe0
- Comparator
- original cropping systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the original cropping systems, the intensified cropping systems with mung bean not only performed high in dietary energy (DE) production and organic matter (OM) inputs into the soil but also had high application rates of biocides and minimized losses of nitrogen (N).”
Claim · model-written summary
Intensified systems had higher soil organic matter inputs.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae0
- Treatment
- intensified cropping systems with mung beane0
- Outcome
- organic matter (OM) inputs into the soile0
- Direction
- highe0
- Comparator
- original cropping systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the original cropping systems, the intensified cropping systems with mung bean not only performed high in dietary energy (DE) production and organic matter (OM) inputs into the soil but also had high application rates of biocides and minimized losses of nitrogen (N).”
Claim · model-written summary
Intensified systems had high biocide application rates.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae0
- Treatment
- intensified cropping systems with mung beane0
- Outcome
- application rates of biocidese0
- Direction
- highe0
- Comparator
- original cropping systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the original cropping systems, the intensified cropping systems with mung bean not only performed high in dietary energy (DE) production and organic matter (OM) inputs into the soil but also had high application rates of biocides and minimized losses of nitrogen (N).”
Claim · model-written summary
Intensified systems minimized nitrogen losses.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae0
- Treatment
- intensified cropping systems with mung beane0
- Outcome
- losses of nitrogen (N)e0
- Direction
- minimizede0
- Comparator
- original cropping systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the original cropping systems, the intensified cropping systems with mung bean not only performed high in dietary energy (DE) production and organic matter (OM) inputs into the soil but also had high application rates of biocides and minimized losses of nitrogen (N).”
Claim · model-written summary
Intervention systems required little labor.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The intervention systems were low in labor requirement and scored at an intermediate level for crop gross margin, water use, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.”
t0“cropping diversity and intensity”
Claim · model-written summary
Intervention systems scored at an intermediate level on crop gross margin, water use and greenhouse gas emissions.
- Outcome
- crop gross margin, water use, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissionse0
- Direction
- intermediate levele0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The intervention systems were low in labor requirement and scored at an intermediate level for crop gross margin, water use, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.”
t0“cropping diversity and intensity”
Claim · model-written summary
Well-endowed and resource-poor farms had the largest replaceable maize and rice areas.
Verbatim
e0“The ranges of areas of maize- and rice-based systems that could be replaced by intensified systems were largest for the WE and RP farm types.”
Claim · model-written summary
Farm types did not differ significantly in their response to intensification.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“no significant differences in response were found between the farm types.”
t0“cropping diversity and intensity”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing farm conversion to mung bean systems would raise profitability and dietary energy yield.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae0
- Treatment
- intensification of maize- and rice-based systemse0
- Outcome
- profitability, higher DE yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The intensification of maize- and rice-based systems with the proposed intervention cropping systems involving mung bean would result in increased profitability, higher DE yield, and lower requirements for labor and water as the proportion of the farms being converted increases.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing conversion would lower labor and water requirements.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae0
- Treatment
- intensification of maize- and rice-based systemse0
- Outcome
- requirements for labor and watere0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The intensification of maize- and rice-based systems with the proposed intervention cropping systems involving mung bean would result in increased profitability, higher DE yield, and lower requirements for labor and water as the proportion of the farms being converted increases.”
Claim · model-written summary
Intensification would increase biocide use.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“the use of biocides would increase”
t0“cropping diversity and intensity”
Claim · model-written summary
Intervention systems would have no significant effect on organic matter inputs, greenhouse gas emissions or soil nitrogen losses.
- Treatment
- intervention cropping systemse0
- Outcome
- OM input, GHG emissions, and soil N lossese0
- Direction
- no significant effecte0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“the intervention cropping systems would have no significant effect on OM input, GHG emissions, and soil N losses.”
t0“cropping diversity and intensity”
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