Abstract
Green manure (GM) enhances organic agriculture by improving soil quality and microbiota, yet its effects on plant resistance are unclear. Investigating the GM crop hairy vetch-maize rotation system, a widely adopted GM practice in China, we aimed to determine maize resistance to fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith), a major pest. Greenhouse experiments with three fertilization treatments (chemical fertilizer, GM, and a combination) revealed that GM applications significantly improved maize resistance to FAW, evidenced by reduced larval feeding preference and pupal weight. GM also enriched soil nutrients, beneficial rhizobacteria, and resistance-related compounds, such as salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA), in maize. The results suggest that GM-amended soils and microbial communities may have an underestimated role in regulating host plant adaptation to pests by increasing plant resistance. This study can provide information for developing and implementing environmentally friendly and sustainable cropping systems with enhanced resistance to pests and diseases.
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
Green manure applications significantly improved maize resistance to fall armyworm relative to chemical fertilizer in greenhouse experiments.
- Treatment
- GM applicationse0
- Interactor
- Spodoptera frugiperda
.jpg?width=60)
Spodoptera frugiperdae1pest - Outcome
- maize resistance to FAWe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- chemical fertilizere0
- Setting
- Greenhouse experimentse0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Greenhouse experiments with three fertilization treatments (chemical fertilizer, GM, and a combination) revealed that GM applications significantly improved maize resistance to FAW, evidenced by reduced larval feeding preference and pupal weight”
e1“we aimed to determine maize resistance to fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith), a major pest”
Claim · model-written summary
Green manure reduced larval feeding preference and pupal weight of Spodoptera frugiperda on maize.
- Treatment
- GM applicationse0
- Interactor
- Spodoptera frugiperdaSpodoptera frugiperdae1pest
- Outcome
- larval feeding preference and pupal weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- chemical fertilizere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Greenhouse experiments with three fertilization treatments (chemical fertilizer, GM, and a combination) revealed that GM applications significantly improved maize resistance to FAW, evidenced by reduced larval feeding preference and pupal weight”
e1“we aimed to determine maize resistance to fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith), a major pest”
Claim · model-written summary
Green manure enriched resistance-related compounds salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and DIMBOA in maize.
- Treatment
- GMe3
- Outcome
- resistance-related compounds, such as salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA)e3
- Direction
- enrichede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“GM also enriched soil nutrients, beneficial rhizobacteria, and resistance-related compounds, such as salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA), in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Green manure enriched soil nutrients and beneficial rhizobacteria.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“GM also enriched soil nutrients, beneficial rhizobacteria, and resistance-related compounds, such as salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA), in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
GM-amended soils and microbial communities may regulate maize adaptation to pests by increasing plant resistance.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The results suggest that GM-amended soils and microbial communities may have an underestimated role in regulating host plant adaptation to pests by increasing plant resistance”
e1“we aimed to determine maize resistance to fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith), a major pest”
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