Abstract
Peanut seed yield is influenced by physiological and ecophysiological crop traits, with changes in reproductive parameters such as flowering time, flower number, and fertility index significantly affecting productivity. Management practices like Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) could enhance crop yield. PGPR can improve flowering and yield by modulating the balance of phytohormones and enhancing reproductive processes. This study assessed PGPR effects on peanut flowering dynamics, seed yield determination, and correlation with hormone levels. Two plant-level field experiments were conducted during 2019–2020 and 2020–2021, sowing two cultivars (ASEM 400 INTA and Granoleico) on four sowing dates (Oct-05, Oct-15, Nov-29, Dec-10). Three PGPR strains ( Bacillus velezensis RI3 and SC6, Pseudomonas psychrophila P10), Bradyrhizobium japonicum , and control were arranged in a split-split-split-plot design, with sowing dates as main plots, cultivars as sub-plots, and PGPRs as sub-sub-plots. PGPR improved peanut flower number (FN) and flowering rate (FR) by 20 % and 50 % compared to B. japonicum and the control. B. velezensis SC6 showed the best performance (SC6 > P10 > RI3), advancing the flowering peak by 4–12 days. PGPR also increased the fertility index (FI) to 0.31 vs. 0.24 of B. japonicum and control and pod number (PN) by 53 % compared to the control. Flowering peak advancement led to larger seeds (SF≥8 mm) (∼+8 % vs. control) due to better environmental conditions (i.e., higher temperatures). Seed number (SN) increased by 94 %–113 % under PGPR treatments. Seed yield (SY) was increased (∼75 % on average) due to higher total biomass (TB) production and improved carbon allocation to seeds (harvest index; 0.33–0.36). Hormone analysis at the R5 stage under late sowing's restrictive conditions showed hormone level increases of 15 %–90 %. This study demonstrates that PGPR significantly improves peanut flowering dynamics, seed quality , and yield by affecting hormone levels and reproductive parameters, highlighting its potential as a sustainable management practice.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR increased peanut flower number by 20% relative to Bradyrhizobium japonicum and control.
- Taxon
- peanut
Arachis hypogaeae0 - Treatment
- PGPRe0
- Outcome
- flower number (FN)e0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 20 %e0
- Comparator
- B. japonicum and the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PGPR improved peanut flower number (FN) and flowering rate (FR) by 20 % and 50 % compared to B. japonicum and the control”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR increased peanut flowering rate by 50% relative to Bradyrhizobium japonicum and control.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- PGPRe0
- Outcome
- flowering rate (FR)e0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 50 %e0
- Comparator
- B. japonicum and the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PGPR improved peanut flower number (FN) and flowering rate (FR) by 20 % and 50 % compared to B. japonicum and the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus velezensis SC6 performed best among the tested PGPR strains.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Interactor
- B. velezensis SC6
Bacillus velezensise0 - Outcome
- best performancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B. velezensis SC6 showed the best performance (SC6 > P10 > RI3)”
t0“peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus velezensis SC6 advanced the peanut flowering peak by 4–12 days.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- B. velezensis SC6e0
- Outcome
- flowering peake0
- Direction
- advancinge0
- Value
- 4–12 dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B. velezensis SC6 showed the best performance (SC6 > P10 > RI3), advancing the flowering peak by 4–12 days”
t0“peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR increased peanut fertility index to 0.31, versus 0.24 for Bradyrhizobium japonicum and control.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- PGPRe0
- Outcome
- fertility index (FI)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.31e0
- Qualifier
- 0.24e0
- Comparator
- B. japonicum and controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PGPR also increased the fertility index (FI) to 0.31 vs. 0.24 of B. japonicum and control”
t0“peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR increased peanut pod number by 53% relative to control.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- PGPRe0
- Outcome
- pod number (PN)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 53 %e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PGPR also increased the fertility index (FI) to 0.31 vs. 0.24 of B. japonicum and control and pod number (PN) by 53 % compared to the control”
t0“peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
An advanced flowering peak was associated with about 8% larger seeds versus control.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Organ / stage
- Flowering peake0
- Outcome
- larger seedse0
- Direction
- largere0
- Value
- ∼+8 %e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flowering peak advancement led to larger seeds (SF≥8 mm) (∼+8 % vs. control) due to better environmental conditions (i.e., higher temperatures)”
t0“peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR increased seed number by 94%–113%.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- PGPR treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Seed number (SN)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 94 %–113 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed number (SN) increased by 94 %–113 % under PGPR treatments”
t0“peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR increased seed yield by about 75% on average.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- PGPRt0
- Outcome
- Seed yield (SY)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- ∼75 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed yield (SY) was increased (∼75 % on average) due to higher total biomass (TB) production and improved carbon allocation to seeds (harvest index; 0.33–0.36)”
t0“PGPR): Impact on peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR treatments increased hormone levels by 15%–90% at R5 under late sowing.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Organ / stage
- R5 stagee0
- Treatment
- PGPRt0
- Outcome
- hormone levele0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 15 %–90 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hormone analysis at the R5 stage under late sowing's restrictive conditions showed hormone level increases of 15 %–90 %”
t0“PGPR): Impact on peanut”
The same questions in other papers
inoculation · yield · Arachis hypogaea (peanut)Positive and negative results
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