Abstract
ABSTRACT Over-application of chemical fertilizers and continuous cropping obstacles seriously restrict the sustainable development of tobacco production. Localized fertilization of beneficial microbes has potential advantages in achieving higher productivity, but the underlying biological mechanisms of interactions between rhizospheric microorganisms and the related metabolic cycle remain poorly characterized. Here, an integrative analysis of microbiomes with non-targeted metabolomics was performed on 30 soil samples of rhizosphere, root surrounding, and bulk soils from flue‐cured tobacco under continuous and non-continuous monocropping systems. The analysis was conducted using UPLC-MS/MS platforms and high-throughput amplicon sequencing targeting the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and fungal ITS gene. The microbial inoculant consisted of Bacillus subtilis , B. velezensis, and B. licheniformis at the ratio of 1:1:1 in effective microbial counts, improved the cured leaf yield and disease resistance of tobacco, and enhanced nicotine and nitrogen contents of tobacco leaves. The bacterial taxa Rhizobium , Pseudomonas , Sphingomonadaceae , and Burkholderiaceae of the phylum Proteobacteria accumulated in high relative abundance and were identified as biomarkers following the application of the microbial inoculant. Under continuous monocropping, metabolomics demonstrated that the application of the microbial inoculant significantly affected the soil metabolite spectrum, and the differential metabolites were significantly enriched to the synthesis and degradation of nicotine (nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism and biosynthesis of alkaloids derived from nicotinic acid). In addition, microbes were closely related to the accumulation of metabolites through correlation analysis. The interactions between plant roots and rhizospheric microorganisms provide valuable information for understanding how these beneficial microbes affect complex biological processes and the adaption capacity of plants to environments. IMPORTANCE This study elaborated on how the microbial fertilizer significantly changed overall community structures and metabolite spectrum of rhizospheric microbes, which provide insights into the process of rhizosphere microbial remolding in response to continuous monocropping. we verified the hypothesis that the application of the microbial inoculant in continuous cropping would lead to the selection of distinct microbiota communities by establishing models to correlate biomarkers. Through correlation analysis of the microbiome and metabolome, we proved that rhizospheric microbes were closely related to the accumulation of metabolites, including the synthesis and degradation of nicotine. The interactions between plant roots and rhizospheric microorganisms provide valuable information for understanding how these beneficial microbes affect complex biological processes and the adaption capacity of plants to environments.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
The microbial inoculant improved tobacco cured leaf yield.
- Taxon
- tobacco
Nicotiana tabacume0 - Treatment
- microbial inoculante0
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilise0symbiont - Outcome
- cured leaf yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- B. velezensis, and B. licheniformise0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The microbial inoculant consisted of Bacillus subtilis , B. velezensis, and B. licheniformis at the ratio of 1:1:1 in effective microbial counts, improved the cured leaf yield and disease resistance of tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
The inoculant improved tobacco disease resistance.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume0
- Treatment
- microbial inoculante0
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilise0symbiont
- Outcome
- disease resistancee0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The microbial inoculant consisted of Bacillus subtilis , B. velezensis, and B. licheniformis at the ratio of 1:1:1 in effective microbial counts, improved the cured leaf yield and disease resistance of tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
The inoculant enhanced tobacco leaf nicotine content.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- microbial inoculante0
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilise0symbiont
- Outcome
- nicotinee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The microbial inoculant consisted of Bacillus subtilis , B. velezensis, and B. licheniformis at the ratio of 1:1:1 in effective microbial counts, improved the cured leaf yield and disease resistance of tobacco, and enhanced nicotine and nitrogen contents of tobacco leaves.”
Claim · model-written summary
The inoculant enhanced tobacco leaf nitrogen content.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- microbial inoculante0
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilise0symbiont
- Outcome
- nitrogen contentse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The microbial inoculant consisted of Bacillus subtilis , B. velezensis, and B. licheniformis at the ratio of 1:1:1 in effective microbial counts, improved the cured leaf yield and disease resistance of tobacco, and enhanced nicotine and nitrogen contents of tobacco leaves.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizobium accumulated at high relative abundance after inoculant application.
- Treatment
- microbial inoculante0
- Outcome
- relative abundancee0
- Direction
- accumulatede0
- Setting
- tobacco monoculturet0
RhizobiumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The bacterial taxa Rhizobium , Pseudomonas , Sphingomonadaceae , and Burkholderiaceae of the phylum Proteobacteria accumulated in high relative abundance and were identified as biomarkers following the application of the microbial inoculant.”
t0“tobacco monoculture”
Claim · model-written summary
Pseudomonas accumulated at high relative abundance after inoculant application.
- Taxon
- Pseudomonas
Pseudomonase0 - Treatment
- microbial inoculante0
- Outcome
- relative abundancee0
- Direction
- accumulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The bacterial taxa Rhizobium , Pseudomonas , Sphingomonadaceae , and Burkholderiaceae of the phylum Proteobacteria accumulated in high relative abundance and were identified as biomarkers following the application of the microbial inoculant.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sphingomonadaceae accumulated at high relative abundance after inoculant application.
- Taxon
- SphingomonadaceaeSphingomonadaceaee0
- Treatment
- microbial inoculante0
- Outcome
- relative abundancee0
- Direction
- accumulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The bacterial taxa Rhizobium , Pseudomonas , Sphingomonadaceae , and Burkholderiaceae of the phylum Proteobacteria accumulated in high relative abundance and were identified as biomarkers following the application of the microbial inoculant.”
Claim · model-written summary
Burkholderiaceae accumulated at high relative abundance after inoculant application.
- Taxon
- BurkholderiaceaeBurkholderiaceaee0
- Treatment
- microbial inoculante0
- Outcome
- relative abundancee0
- Direction
- accumulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The bacterial taxa Rhizobium , Pseudomonas , Sphingomonadaceae , and Burkholderiaceae of the phylum Proteobacteria accumulated in high relative abundance and were identified as biomarkers following the application of the microbial inoculant.”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculant application significantly affected the soil metabolite spectrum under continuous monocropping.
Not reportedTaxonComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“Under continuous monocropping, metabolomics demonstrated that the application of the microbial inoculant significantly affected the soil metabolite spectrum”
Claim · model-written summary
Differential soil metabolites were enriched in nicotine synthesis and degradation pathways.
- Outcome
- differential metabolitese0
- Direction
- enrichede0
- Qualifier
- synthesis and degradation of nicotinee0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“the differential metabolites were significantly enriched to the synthesis and degradation of nicotine (nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism and biosynthesis of alkaloids derived from nicotinic acid)”
Claim · model-written summary
Microbes were closely correlated with metabolite accumulation.
- Taxon
- microbese0
- Interactor
- microbese0symbiont
- Outcome
- accumulation of metabolitese0
- Qualifier
- closely relatede0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“microbes were closely related to the accumulation of metabolites through correlation analysis.”