Abstract
Lodging reduces maize yield and quality. The improvement in maize lodging resistance has proven to be instrumental in maximizing the yield potential of maize varieties under high-density planting. Tillage practices accommodate larger groups by enhancing soil conditions. This study aimed to elucidate the impact of subsoil tillage in reducing the maize stalk lodging rate. The maize cultivars Xianyu 335 (XY335) and Zhongdan2 (ZD2) were selected for field experiments including two tillage methods, shallow rotary (RT) and subsoil (SS), and two densities, 75,000 plants ha −1 (D1) and 105,000 plants ha −1 (D2), were set up to investigate and analyze the changes of maize lodging rate and the related indexes of lodging resistance under SS and RT conditions. The findings revealed that under high density, as compared to rotary tillage, SS tillage decreased the plant and ear height by 9.01–9.20 cm and 3.50–4.90 cm, respectively. The stalk dry matter accumulation was enhanced by 8.98%–24.98%, while stalk diameter between two and seven internodes increased by 0.47– 4.15 mm. Stalk cellulose increased by 11.83% –12.38%, hemicellulose increased by 6.7%–15.97%, and lignin increased by 9.86%–15.9%. The rind puncture and crushing strength improved by 3.11%–20.06% and 11.90%–27.07%, respectively. The bending strength increased by 6.25%–27.96% and the lodging rate decreased by 1.20%–6.04%. Yield increased by 7.58%–8.17%. At SS tillage when density increased, the index changes in ZD2 were mostly less than those in XY335. The rind penetration strength, bending strength, crushing strength, stalk diameter, and dry matter accumulation all had a negative correlation with the lodging rate. It suggested that SS tillage was beneficial to lodging resistance and, in combination with stalk lodging-resistant varieties, can effectively alleviate the problem of stalk lodging after increased planting density.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Subsoil tillage lowered plant height by 9.01–9.20 cm under high density.
- Treatment
- SS tillagee0
- Outcome
- plant and ear heighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 9.01–9.20 cme0
- Qualifier
- high densitye0
- Comparator
- rotary tillagee0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under high density, as compared to rotary tillage, SS tillage decreased the plant and ear height by 9.01–9.20 cm and 3.50–4.90 cm, respectively”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Subsoil tillage lowered ear height by 3.50–4.90 cm.
- Treatment
- SS tillagee0
- Outcome
- ear heighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 3.50–4.90 cme0
- Comparator
- rotary tillagee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SS tillage decreased the plant and ear height by 9.01–9.20 cm and 3.50–4.90 cm, respectively”
e1“as compared to rotary tillage”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Subsoil tillage increased stalk dry matter accumulation by 8.98%–24.98%.
- Treatment
- SS tillagee2
- Outcome
- stalk dry matter accumulatione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 8.98%–24.98%e0
- Comparator
- rotary tillagee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The stalk dry matter accumulation was enhanced by 8.98%–24.98%”
e2“under high density, as compared to rotary tillage, SS tillage decreased the plant and ear height by 9.01–9.20 cm and 3.50–4.90 cm, respectively”
e1“as compared to rotary tillage”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Subsoil tillage increased stalk diameter by 0.47– 4.15 mm.
- Organ / stage
- between two and seven internodese0
- Treatment
- SS tillagee2
- Outcome
- stalk diametere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.47– 4.15 mme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stalk diameter between two and seven internodes increased by 0.47– 4.15 mm”
e2“under high density, as compared to rotary tillage, SS tillage decreased the plant and ear height by 9.01–9.20 cm and 3.50–4.90 cm, respectively”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Subsoil tillage increased stalk cellulose by 11.83% –12.38%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stalk cellulose increased by 11.83% –12.38%”
e2“under high density, as compared to rotary tillage, SS tillage decreased the plant and ear height by 9.01–9.20 cm and 3.50–4.90 cm, respectively”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Subsoil tillage increased stalk hemicellulose by 6.7%–15.97%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hemicellulose increased by 6.7%–15.97%”
e2“under high density, as compared to rotary tillage, SS tillage decreased the plant and ear height by 9.01–9.20 cm and 3.50–4.90 cm, respectively”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Subsoil tillage increased stalk lignin by 9.86%–15.9%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lignin increased by 9.86%–15.9%”
e2“under high density, as compared to rotary tillage, SS tillage decreased the plant and ear height by 9.01–9.20 cm and 3.50–4.90 cm, respectively”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Subsoil tillage improved rind puncture strength by 3.11%–20.06%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The rind puncture and crushing strength improved by 3.11%–20.06% and 11.90%–27.07%, respectively”
e2“under high density, as compared to rotary tillage, SS tillage decreased the plant and ear height by 9.01–9.20 cm and 3.50–4.90 cm, respectively”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Subsoil tillage improved crushing strength by 11.90%–27.07%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The rind puncture and crushing strength improved by 3.11%–20.06% and 11.90%–27.07%, respectively”
e2“under high density, as compared to rotary tillage, SS tillage decreased the plant and ear height by 9.01–9.20 cm and 3.50–4.90 cm, respectively”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Subsoil tillage increased bending strength by 6.25%–27.96%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The bending strength increased by 6.25%–27.96%”
e2“under high density, as compared to rotary tillage, SS tillage decreased the plant and ear height by 9.01–9.20 cm and 3.50–4.90 cm, respectively”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Subsoil tillage reduced lodging rate by 1.20%–6.04%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lodging rate decreased by 1.20%–6.04%”
e2“under high density, as compared to rotary tillage, SS tillage decreased the plant and ear height by 9.01–9.20 cm and 3.50–4.90 cm, respectively”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Subsoil tillage increased yield by 7.58%–8.17%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield increased by 7.58%–8.17%”
e2“under high density, as compared to rotary tillage, SS tillage decreased the plant and ear height by 9.01–9.20 cm and 3.50–4.90 cm, respectively”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
At subsoil tillage, ZD2 had mostly smaller index changes after density increase than XY335.
- Material
- ZD2e0
- Treatment
- density increasede0
- Outcome
- index changese0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Qualifier
- At SS tillagee0
- Comparator
- XY335e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At SS tillage when density increased, the index changes in ZD2 were mostly less than those in XY335”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Rind penetration strength, bending strength, and crushing strength negatively correlated with lodging rate.
- Organ / stage
- stalke1
- Outcome
- lodging ratee0
- Direction
- negative correlatione0
- Qualifier
- rind penetration strength, bending strength, crushing strengthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The rind penetration strength, bending strength, crushing strength, stalk diameter, and dry matter accumulation all had a negative correlation with the lodging rate”
e1“crushing strength, stalk diameter, and dry matter accumulation”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Stalk diameter and dry matter accumulation negatively correlated with lodging rate.
- Organ / stage
- stalk diametere0
- Outcome
- lodging ratee0
- Direction
- negative correlatione0
- Qualifier
- dry matter accumulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The rind penetration strength, bending strength, crushing strength, stalk diameter, and dry matter accumulation all had a negative correlation with the lodging rate”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend combining subsoil tillage with lodging resistant varieties at higher density.
- Treatment
- SS tillagee0
- Outcome
- alleviate the problem of stalk lodginge0
- Qualifier
- in combination with stalk lodging-resistant varietiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SS tillage was beneficial to lodging resistance and, in combination with stalk lodging-resistant varieties, can effectively alleviate the problem of stalk lodging after increased planting density”
t0“maize”
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