Abstract
A decline in rainfall as a source of agricultural water has affected and will continue to affect sustainable crop production globally including in Hungary. Conservation of the greatest water reservoir is important for the sustainable development of agriculture in Hungary. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the different tillage methods on soil moisture content, grain yield, and root weight of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus) under rainfed conditions. A field study was conducted at the Józsefmajor Experimental and Training Farm (JM) of the Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences near Hatvan. The experiment consisted of six tillage treatments: disking (D, 16 cm), shallow cultivation (SC, 20 cm), no-till (NT), deep cultivation (DC, 25 cm), loosening (L, 45 cm), and plowing (P, 30 cm). Soil moisture content (SMC) was measured monthly, and grain yield and root weight were measured at the end of the cropping period. Our results showed no significant difference in SMC between conservation and conventional tillage methods in 2018. However, in 2021, greater SMC was significantly conserved under NT compared to P. Regarding the sampling date, a significant increase in moisture with time was observed. A significantly lower SMC was observed on 3 June 2019 between L and D. while on the 9 September 2020, SMC significantly differed between P and all the other treatments (D, SC, NT, DC, and L). Interestingly in 2018, SMC was significantly lower at 10–20 cm depth between L and D. Notably the effect of depth on SMC was observed as moisture significantly increased with increasing depth in all tillage treatments. Root weight was greatest at DC (1.54 t ha−1) in 2018 and under L (3.89 t ha−1) in 2021. Similarly, wheat grain yield was greatest at DC (2.48 t ha−1) in 2018, while sunflower yield in 2021 was greatest at L (3.86 t ha−1). It is comprehensible that conservation tillage methods such as L and NT can increase SMC and grain yield.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Soil moisture content did not differ significantly between conservation and conventional tillage in 2018.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus)
Helianthus annuus
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- conservatione3
- Outcome
- SMCe3
- Direction
- no significant differencee3
- Qualifier
- in 2018e3
- Comparator
- conventional tillage methodse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus)”
e3“Our results showed no significant difference in SMC between conservation and conventional tillage methods in 2018”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2021, soil moisture content was significantly greater under no-till than under plowing.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus)Helianthus annuusTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- NTe5
- Outcome
- SMCe5
- Direction
- greatere5
- Qualifier
- in 2021e5
- Comparator
- Pe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus)”
e5“However, in 2021, greater SMC was significantly conserved under NT compared to P”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil moisture content increased significantly with sampling time.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus)Helianthus annuusTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- sampling datee6
- Outcome
- moisturee6
- Direction
- increasee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus)”
e6“Regarding the sampling date, a significant increase in moisture with time was observed”
Claim · model-written summary
On 3 June 2019 soil moisture content was significantly lower under loosening than under disking.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus)Helianthus annuusTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Le7
- Outcome
- SMCe7
- Direction
- lowere7
- Qualifier
- 3 June 2019e7
- Comparator
- De7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus)”
e7“A significantly lower SMC was observed on 3 June 2019 between L and D”
Claim · model-written summary
On 9 September 2020 soil moisture content significantly differed between plowing and all other tillage treatments.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus)Helianthus annuusTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Pe2
- Outcome
- SMCe2
- Qualifier
- 9 September 2020e2
- Comparator
- all the other treatmentse2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus)”
e2“on the 9 September 2020, SMC significantly differed between P and all the other treatments (D, SC, NT, DC, and L)”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2018 soil moisture content at 10–20 cm depth was significantly lower under loosening than under disking.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus)Helianthus annuusTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Le2
- Outcome
- SMCe2
- Direction
- lowere2
- Qualifier
- 10–20 cm depthe2
- Comparator
- De2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus)”
e2“Interestingly in 2018, SMC was significantly lower at 10–20 cm depth between L and D”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil moisture content significantly increased with increasing soil depth in all tillage treatments.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus)Helianthus annuusTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- increasing depthe2
- Outcome
- moisturee2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Qualifier
- in all tillage treatmentse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus)”
e2“moisture significantly increased with increasing depth in all tillage treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Root weight was greatest under deep cultivation (1.54 t ha−1) in 2018.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus)Helianthus annuusTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- DCe2
- Outcome
- Root weighte2
- Direction
- greateste2
- Value
- 1.54 t ha−1e2
- Qualifier
- in 2018e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus)”
e2“Root weight was greatest at DC (1.54 t ha−1) in 2018 and under L (3.89 t ha−1) in 2021”
Claim · model-written summary
Root weight was greatest under loosening (3.89 t ha−1) in 2021.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus)Helianthus annuusTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Le2
- Outcome
- Root weighte2
- Direction
- greateste2
- Value
- 3.89 t ha−1e2
- Qualifier
- in 2021e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus)”
e2“Root weight was greatest at DC (1.54 t ha−1) in 2018 and under L (3.89 t ha−1) in 2021”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat grain yield was greatest under deep cultivation (2.48 t ha−1) in 2018.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- DCe1
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- greateste1
- Value
- 2.48 t ha−1e1
- Qualifier
- in 2018e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“wheat grain yield was greatest at DC (2.48 t ha−1) in 2018, while sunflower yield in 2021 was greatest at L (3.86 t ha−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sunflower yield in 2021 was greatest under loosening (3.86 t ha−1).
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse1
- Treatment
- Le1
- Outcome
- sunflower yielde1
- Direction
- greateste1
- Value
- 3.86 t ha−1e1
- Qualifier
- in 2021e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“wheat grain yield was greatest at DC (2.48 t ha−1) in 2018, while sunflower yield in 2021 was greatest at L (3.86 t ha−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors interpret that conservation tillage such as loosening and no-till can increase soil moisture content and grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus)Helianthus annuusTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- conservation tillage methods such as L and NTe2
- Outcome
- SMC and grain yielde2
- Direction
- increasee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus)”
e2“conservation tillage methods such as L and NT can increase SMC and grain yield”
The same questions in other papers
tillage · quality: grain · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
31 papers in the same direction as this paper · 15 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- no effect
- no effect
44 papers more in this group
See all 48 papers →tillage · quality: grain · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.