Abstract
A field experiment was conducted in the mid-hills region of Himachal Pradesh, India, during April, 2019–January, 2020, to evaluate various insect management strategies, including eco-friendly approaches, against Tuta absoluta and other pests on tomato crop. Six treatment modules were compared to untreated control plants. Among all treatments, T4, which included lambda cyhalothrin, indoxacarb, rynaxypyr and novaluron, was most effective, recording the lowest number of Tuta absoluta larvae (0.43) and leaf mines (0.75) plant-1. This treatment also showed the lowest populations of aphids (10.49), serpentine leaf miners (0.83), and fruit borers (1.28) plant-1. T4 significantly enhanced growth and yield parameters, with the highest number of flower clusters (7.73), fruits (29.36), healthy fruits (23.23) plant-1, seeds per fruit (87.73), 1000-seed weight (2.76 g), and seed yield (5.32 g plant-1, 63.84 g plot-1, 149.35 kg ha-1). Seed quality was also superior in T4, showing maximum germination (87.25%), seedling length (16.14 cm), dry weight (1.88 mg), seedling vigor indices I and II (1,412.57 and 164.71), and germination after accelerated ageing (75.25%). The enhanced performance can be attributed to the collaborated action of eco-friendly chemicals, which effectively reduced pest populations, allowing the plants to utilize their energy for growth and seed development. This study underscores the importance of integrated use of pest management strategies in optimizing tomato production, seed yield and quality, highlighting the possible benefits for agricultural economies. This study identifies an effective eco-friendly approach using specific insecticides to control Tuta absoluta and improve tomato yield and seed quality while minimizing environmental impact.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
T4 produced the lowest Tuta absoluta larval count, 0.43 per plant.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- T4e0
- Interactor
- Tuta absoluta
.jpg?width=60)
Tuta absolutae0pest - Outcome
- Tuta absoluta larvaee0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 0.43e0
- Comparator
- untreated control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“T4, which included lambda cyhalothrin, indoxacarb, rynaxypyr and novaluron, was most effective, recording the lowest number of Tuta absoluta larvae (0.43) and leaf mines (0.75) plant-1”
e1“Six treatment modules were compared to untreated control plants”
t0“Tomato Seed Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 produced the lowest Tuta absoluta leaf mine count, 0.75 per plant.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- T4e0
- Interactor
- Tuta absolutaTuta absolutae0pest
- Outcome
- leaf minese0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 0.75e0
- Comparator
- untreated control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T4, which included lambda cyhalothrin, indoxacarb, rynaxypyr and novaluron, was most effective, recording the lowest number of Tuta absoluta larvae (0.43) and leaf mines (0.75) plant-1”
e1“Six treatment modules were compared to untreated control plants”
t0“Tomato Seed Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 produced the lowest aphid population, 10.49 per plant.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- T4e2
- Interactor
- aphidsAphidomorphae0pest
- Outcome
- populations of aphidse0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 10.49e0
- Comparator
- untreated control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This treatment also showed the lowest populations of aphids (10.49), serpentine leaf miners (0.83), and fruit borers (1.28) plant-1”
e1“Six treatment modules were compared to untreated control plants”
e2“T4, which included lambda cyhalothrin, indoxacarb, rynaxypyr and novaluron”
t0“Tomato Seed Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 produced the lowest serpentine leaf miner population, 0.83 per plant.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- T4e2
- Interactor
- serpentine leaf miners
Liriomyza brassicaee0pest - Outcome
- serpentine leaf minerse0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 0.83e0
- Comparator
- untreated control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This treatment also showed the lowest populations of aphids (10.49), serpentine leaf miners (0.83), and fruit borers (1.28) plant-1”
e1“Six treatment modules were compared to untreated control plants”
e2“T4, which included lambda cyhalothrin, indoxacarb, rynaxypyr and novaluron”
t0“Tomato Seed Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 produced the lowest fruit borer population, 1.28 per plant.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- T4e2
- Interactor
- fruit borerse0pest
- Outcome
- fruit borerse0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 1.28e0
- Comparator
- untreated control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This treatment also showed the lowest populations of aphids (10.49), serpentine leaf miners (0.83), and fruit borers (1.28) plant-1”
e1“Six treatment modules were compared to untreated control plants”
e2“T4, which included lambda cyhalothrin, indoxacarb, rynaxypyr and novaluron”
t0“Tomato Seed Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 gave the highest number of tomato flower clusters, 7.73 per plant.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- T4e0
- Outcome
- flower clusterse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 7.73e0
- Comparator
- untreated control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T4 significantly enhanced growth and yield parameters, with the highest number of flower clusters (7.73), fruits (29.36), healthy fruits (23.23) plant-1, seeds per fruit (87.73), 1000-seed weight (2.76 g), and seed yield (5.32 g plant-1, 63.84 g plot-1, 149.35 kg ha-1)”
e1“Six treatment modules were compared to untreated control plants”
t0“Tomato Seed Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 gave the highest fruit count, 29.36 per plant.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- T4e0
- Outcome
- fruitse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 29.36e0
- Comparator
- untreated control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T4 significantly enhanced growth and yield parameters, with the highest number of flower clusters (7.73), fruits (29.36), healthy fruits (23.23) plant-1, seeds per fruit (87.73), 1000-seed weight (2.76 g), and seed yield (5.32 g plant-1, 63.84 g plot-1, 149.35 kg ha-1)”
e1“Six treatment modules were compared to untreated control plants”
t0“Tomato Seed Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 gave the highest healthy fruit count, 23.23 per plant.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- T4e0
- Outcome
- healthy fruitse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 23.23e0
- Comparator
- untreated control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T4 significantly enhanced growth and yield parameters, with the highest number of flower clusters (7.73), fruits (29.36), healthy fruits (23.23) plant-1, seeds per fruit (87.73), 1000-seed weight (2.76 g), and seed yield (5.32 g plant-1, 63.84 g plot-1, 149.35 kg ha-1)”
e1“Six treatment modules were compared to untreated control plants”
t0“Tomato Seed Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 gave the highest seed count per fruit, 87.73.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- T4e0
- Outcome
- seeds per fruite0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 87.73e0
- Comparator
- untreated control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T4 significantly enhanced growth and yield parameters, with the highest number of flower clusters (7.73), fruits (29.36), healthy fruits (23.23) plant-1, seeds per fruit (87.73), 1000-seed weight (2.76 g), and seed yield (5.32 g plant-1, 63.84 g plot-1, 149.35 kg ha-1)”
e1“Six treatment modules were compared to untreated control plants”
t0“Tomato Seed Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 gave the highest thousand-seed weight, 2.76 g.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- T4e0
- Outcome
- 1000-seed weighte0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 2.76 ge0
- Comparator
- untreated control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T4 significantly enhanced growth and yield parameters, with the highest number of flower clusters (7.73), fruits (29.36), healthy fruits (23.23) plant-1, seeds per fruit (87.73), 1000-seed weight (2.76 g), and seed yield (5.32 g plant-1, 63.84 g plot-1, 149.35 kg ha-1)”
e1“Six treatment modules were compared to untreated control plants”
t0“Tomato Seed Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 gave the highest seed yield, 5.32 g per plant, 63.84 g per plot and 149.35 kg per hectare.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- T4e0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 5.32 g plant-1, 63.84 g plot-1, 149.35 kg ha-1e0
- Comparator
- untreated control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T4 significantly enhanced growth and yield parameters, with the highest number of flower clusters (7.73), fruits (29.36), healthy fruits (23.23) plant-1, seeds per fruit (87.73), 1000-seed weight (2.76 g), and seed yield (5.32 g plant-1, 63.84 g plot-1, 149.35 kg ha-1)”
e1“Six treatment modules were compared to untreated control plants”
t0“Tomato Seed Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 produced maximum seed germination, 87.25%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- T4e0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 87.25%e0
- Comparator
- untreated control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed quality was also superior in T4, showing maximum germination (87.25%), seedling length (16.14 cm), dry weight (1.88 mg), seedling vigor indices I and II (1,412.57 and 164.71), and germination after accelerated ageing (75.25%)”
e1“Six treatment modules were compared to untreated control plants”
t0“Tomato Seed Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 produced superior seedling length, 16.14 cm.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- T4e0
- Outcome
- seedling lengthe0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Value
- 16.14 cme0
- Comparator
- untreated control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed quality was also superior in T4, showing maximum germination (87.25%), seedling length (16.14 cm), dry weight (1.88 mg), seedling vigor indices I and II (1,412.57 and 164.71), and germination after accelerated ageing (75.25%)”
e1“Six treatment modules were compared to untreated control plants”
t0“Tomato Seed Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 produced superior seedling dry weight, 1.88 mg.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- T4e0
- Outcome
- dry weighte0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Value
- 1.88 mge0
- Comparator
- untreated control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed quality was also superior in T4, showing maximum germination (87.25%), seedling length (16.14 cm), dry weight (1.88 mg), seedling vigor indices I and II (1,412.57 and 164.71), and germination after accelerated ageing (75.25%)”
e1“Six treatment modules were compared to untreated control plants”
t0“Tomato Seed Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 produced superior seedling vigor index I, 1,412.57.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- T4e0
- Outcome
- seedling vigor indices Ie0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Value
- 1,412.57e0
- Comparator
- untreated control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed quality was also superior in T4, showing maximum germination (87.25%), seedling length (16.14 cm), dry weight (1.88 mg), seedling vigor indices I and II (1,412.57 and 164.71), and germination after accelerated ageing (75.25%)”
e1“Six treatment modules were compared to untreated control plants”
t0“Tomato Seed Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 produced superior seedling vigor index II, 164.71.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- T4e0
- Outcome
- seedling vigor indices I and IIe0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Value
- 164.71e0
- Comparator
- untreated control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed quality was also superior in T4, showing maximum germination (87.25%), seedling length (16.14 cm), dry weight (1.88 mg), seedling vigor indices I and II (1,412.57 and 164.71), and germination after accelerated ageing (75.25%)”
e1“Six treatment modules were compared to untreated control plants”
t0“Tomato Seed Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 produced superior germination after accelerated ageing, 75.25%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- T4e0
- Outcome
- germination after accelerated ageinge0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Value
- 75.25%e0
- Comparator
- untreated control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed quality was also superior in T4, showing maximum germination (87.25%), seedling length (16.14 cm), dry weight (1.88 mg), seedling vigor indices I and II (1,412.57 and 164.71), and germination after accelerated ageing (75.25%)”
e1“Six treatment modules were compared to untreated control plants”
t0“Tomato Seed Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute T4 performance to pest suppression that allowed more plant energy for growth and seed development.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- eco-friendly chemicalse0
- Outcome
- growth and seed developmente0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The enhanced performance can be attributed to the collaborated action of eco-friendly chemicals, which effectively reduced pest populations, allowing the plants to utilize their energy for growth and seed development”
t0“Tomato Seed Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors identify the insecticide combination as an effective approach to control Tuta absoluta and improve tomato yield and seed quality.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- specific insecticidese0
- Interactor
- Tuta absolutaTuta absolutae0pest
- Outcome
- control Tuta absoluta and improve tomato yield and seed qualitye0
- Direction
- improvee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study identifies an effective eco-friendly approach using specific insecticides to control Tuta absoluta and improve tomato yield and seed quality while minimizing environmental impact”