Abstract
Radio frequency (RF) heating was applied to control insects due to rapid volumetric heating. RF heating was designed to fit small and medium enterprises with a maximum capacity of 200 kg of milled rice per hour. The system was a continuous-type machine. The first experiment identified the most tolerant stage of maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais, infesting 1 kilogram of milled rice in a polyethylene (PE) bag. The samples were treated with a 27.12 MHz RF and an electric power of 370 and 380 volts for 3 min. Adult maize weevil was the most tolerant stage to RF heat treatment, while egg, larval and pupal stages showed 100% mortality to RF at 380 volts for 3 min. The second experiment examined the influence of packaging materials between PE and polypropylene (PP) bags (75 μm thickness) on the mortality of maize weevil. Both packagings were exposed to RF at 370, 380, 390 and 400 volts for 3 min, and the temperature of rice kept in PP bags was 76.74±14.96, 78.09±12.45, 86.15±6.90 and 86.44±7.18°C, respectively. It was higher than in the PE bags with temperatures of 64.82±3.44, 65.14±3.18, 69.11±3.31 and 69.02±3.64°C, respectively. The third experiment identified the best combination of temperature and exposure time for RF to control the adult stage of maize weevil. Complete control of maize weevil infesting milled rice was found using the RF heat treatment for 4 min with an electric power of 380 volts. In terms of heated rice quality, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in chalkiness or moisture content, but kernel fissuring increased with increasing RF exposure time.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Adults were the most RF-tolerant maize weevil stage.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae1 - Interactor
- maize weevil
Sitophilus zeamaise0pest - Outcome
- Adult maize weevile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Adult maize weevil was the most tolerant stage to RF heat treatment”
t0“Maize Weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) using a Radio Frequency Heating Prototype for Small and Medium Enterprises”
e1“1 kilogram of milled rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Egg, larval and pupal maize weevils had 100% mortality at 380 volts for 3 min.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- RF at 380 volts for 3 mine0
- Interactor
- maize weevilSitophilus zeamaist0pest
- Outcome
- egg, larval and pupal stages showed 100% mortalitye0
- Direction
- 100% mortalitye0
- Value
- 100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“egg, larval and pupal stages showed 100% mortality to RF at 380 volts for 3 min”
t0“Maize Weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) using a Radio Frequency Heating Prototype for Small and Medium Enterprises”
e1“1 kilogram of milled rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice in PP bags reached higher temperatures than rice in PE bags across four RF powers.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- PP bagse0
- Outcome
- temperature of ricee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- PE bagse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“temperature of rice kept in PP bags was 76.74±14.96, 78.09±12.45, 86.15±6.90 and 86.44±7.18°C, respectively. It was higher than in the PE bags with temperatures of 64.82±3.44, 65.14±3.18, 69.11±3.31 and 69.02±3.64°C, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
RF heating for 4 min at 380 volts completely controlled maize weevil in milled rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- RF heat treatment for 4 min with an electric power of 380 voltse0
- Interactor
- maize weevilSitophilus zeamaise0pest
- Outcome
- Complete control of maize weevile0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Complete control of maize weevil infesting milled rice was found using the RF heat treatment for 4 min with an electric power of 380 volts”
Claim · model-written summary
RF heating did not significantly change rice chalkiness or moisture content.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- RFe2
- Outcome
- chalkiness or moisture contente0
- Direction
- no significant differencee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in chalkiness or moisture content”
t0“Maize Weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) using a Radio Frequency Heating Prototype for Small and Medium Enterprises”
e1“In terms of heated rice quality”
e2“RF exposure time”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice kernel fissuring increased with RF exposure time.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- RF exposure timee0
- Outcome
- kernel fissuringe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“kernel fissuring increased with increasing RF exposure time”
t0“Maize Weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) using a Radio Frequency Heating Prototype for Small and Medium Enterprises”
e1“In terms of heated rice quality”