Abstract
Maize, Zea mays L. is an economic cereal in Egypt. Numerous pests infested maize, but only a few of them caused high crop losses, such as FAW, Spodoptera frugiperda. Therefore, this study is urgent to determine: the effect of chitin synthesis inhibitors on FAW larvae, and evaluate LC90 efficiency of CSIs on maize under the field. In this study, the mortality percentage increased with increasing exposure time to CSIs. Moreover, LC50 for hexaflumuron was low (0.487 mg/L), followed by flufenoxuron (0.5712 mg/L) on the 2nd larva. On the 4th larva, hexaflumuron and diflubenzuron were more lethal than other CSIs. LC90 of all CSIs ranged between 1.3815 5.0569; and 1.024514.6923 mg/L on the 2nd and 4th larvae, respectively. Results were elucidated that the toxicity index was low by novaluron and lufenuron treatments with high resistance ratios, respectively. However, it had a high value with diflubenzuron, followed by novaluron, with a few resistance ratios when compared with hexaflumuron, respectively. In field experiments, data showed that flufenoxuron, hexaflumuron and diflubenzuron could be used as recommended insecticides to FAW control, however, chlorfluazuron, lufenuron and novaluron were the lowest ones on maize. On the response of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids to CSIs, diflubenzuron, hexaflumuron and flufenoxuron caused the lowest significant reduction in protein. Wherever, the highest significant protein value was recorded with chlorfluazuron and lufenuron. The values of chitinase, phenoloxidase and carboxylesterase indicated a clear disturbance in physiological aspects for larvae. Now, CSIs are used for developing eco-friendly FAW management.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Fall armyworm mortality increased with exposure time to chitin synthesis inhibitors.
- Treatment
- CSIse0
- Interactor
- Spodoptera frugiperda
.jpg?width=60)
Spodoptera frugiperdat0pest - Outcome
- mortality percentagee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“the mortality percentage increased with increasing exposure time to CSIs”
t0“Spodoptera frugiperda”
e1“Maize, Zea mays L. is an economic cereal in Egypt.”
Claim · model-written summary
Hexaflumuron had a low LC50 of 0.487 mg/L on second instar larvae.
- Interactor
- Spodoptera frugiperdaSpodoptera frugiperdat0pest
- Outcome
- LC50 for hexaflumurone0
- Direction
- lowe0
- Value
- 0.487 mg/Le0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“LC50 for hexaflumuron was low (0.487 mg/L)”
t0“Spodoptera frugiperda”
e1“Maize, Zea mays L. is an economic cereal in Egypt.”
Claim · model-written summary
Flufenoxuron followed with LC50 of 0.5712 mg/L on second instar larvae.
- Interactor
- Spodoptera frugiperdaSpodoptera frugiperdat0pest
- Outcome
- flufenoxurone0
- Direction
- followede0
- Value
- 0.5712 mg/Le0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“followed by flufenoxuron (0.5712 mg/L) on the 2nd larva”
t0“Spodoptera frugiperda”
e1“Maize, Zea mays L. is an economic cereal in Egypt.”
Claim · model-written summary
Hexaflumuron was more lethal than other inhibitors to fourth instar larvae.
- Treatment
- hexaflumurone0
- Interactor
- Spodoptera frugiperdaSpodoptera frugiperdat0pest
- Outcome
- lethale0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- other CSIse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On the 4th larva, hexaflumuron and diflubenzuron were more lethal than other CSIs”
t0“Spodoptera frugiperda”
e1“Maize, Zea mays L. is an economic cereal in Egypt.”
Claim · model-written summary
Diflubenzuron was more lethal than other inhibitors to fourth instar larvae.
- Treatment
- diflubenzurone0
- Interactor
- Spodoptera frugiperdaSpodoptera frugiperdat0pest
- Outcome
- lethale0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- other CSIse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On the 4th larva, hexaflumuron and diflubenzuron were more lethal than other CSIs”
t0“Spodoptera frugiperda”
e1“Maize, Zea mays L. is an economic cereal in Egypt.”
Claim · model-written summary
Second-instar LC90 values ranged from 1.3815 to 5.0569 mg/L.
- Interactor
- Spodoptera frugiperdaSpodoptera frugiperdat0pest
- Outcome
- LC90 of all CSIse0
- Value
- 1.3815 5.0569e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“LC90 of all CSIs ranged between 1.3815 5.0569; and 1.024514.6923 mg/L on the 2nd and 4th larvae, respectively”
t0“Spodoptera frugiperda”
e1“Maize, Zea mays L. is an economic cereal in Egypt.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fourth-instar LC90 values were reported as 1.024514.6923 mg/L.
- Interactor
- Spodoptera frugiperdaSpodoptera frugiperdat0pest
- Outcome
- LC90 of all CSIse0
- Value
- 1.024514.6923 mg/Le0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“LC90 of all CSIs ranged between 1.3815 5.0569; and 1.024514.6923 mg/L on the 2nd and 4th larvae, respectively”
t0“Spodoptera frugiperda”
e1“Maize, Zea mays L. is an economic cereal in Egypt.”
Claim · model-written summary
Flufenoxuron was recommended for field control of fall armyworm.
- Treatment
- flufenoxurone0
- Interactor
- Spodoptera frugiperdaSpodoptera frugiperdat0pest
- Outcome
- FAW controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“flufenoxuron, hexaflumuron and diflubenzuron could be used as recommended insecticides to FAW control”
t0“Spodoptera frugiperda”
e1“Maize, Zea mays L. is an economic cereal in Egypt.”
Claim · model-written summary
Hexaflumuron was recommended for field control of fall armyworm.
- Treatment
- hexaflumurone0
- Interactor
- Spodoptera frugiperdaSpodoptera frugiperdat0pest
- Outcome
- FAW controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“flufenoxuron, hexaflumuron and diflubenzuron could be used as recommended insecticides to FAW control”
t0“Spodoptera frugiperda”
e1“Maize, Zea mays L. is an economic cereal in Egypt.”
Claim · model-written summary
Diflubenzuron was recommended for field control of fall armyworm.
- Treatment
- diflubenzurone0
- Interactor
- Spodoptera frugiperdaSpodoptera frugiperdat0pest
- Outcome
- FAW controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“flufenoxuron, hexaflumuron and diflubenzuron could be used as recommended insecticides to FAW control”
t0“Spodoptera frugiperda”
e1“Maize, Zea mays L. is an economic cereal in Egypt.”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorfluazuron, lufenuron and novaluron performed lowest on maize.
- Interactor
- Spodoptera frugiperdaSpodoptera frugiperdat0pest
- Outcome
- the lowest onese0
- Direction
- loweste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chlorfluazuron, lufenuron and novaluron were the lowest ones on maize”
t0“Spodoptera frugiperda”
Claim · model-written summary
Diflubenzuron, hexaflumuron and flufenoxuron caused significant reductions in larval protein.
- Treatment
- diflubenzuron, hexaflumuron and flufenoxurone0
- Interactor
- Spodoptera frugiperdaSpodoptera frugiperdat0pest
- Outcome
- proteine0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“diflubenzuron, hexaflumuron and flufenoxuron caused the lowest significant reduction in protein”
t0“Spodoptera frugiperda”
e1“Maize, Zea mays L. is an economic cereal in Egypt.”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorfluazuron and lufenuron had the highest significant larval protein value.
- Treatment
- chlorfluazuron and lufenurone0
- Interactor
- Spodoptera frugiperdaSpodoptera frugiperdat0pest
- Outcome
- protein valuee0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest significant protein value was recorded with chlorfluazuron and lufenuron”
t0“Spodoptera frugiperda”
e1“Maize, Zea mays L. is an economic cereal in Egypt.”
Claim · model-written summary
Larval chitinase, phenoloxidase and carboxylesterase values indicated physiological disturbance.
- Interactor
- Spodoptera frugiperdaSpodoptera frugiperdat0pest
- Outcome
- disturbance in physiological aspects for larvaee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The values of chitinase, phenoloxidase and carboxylesterase indicated a clear disturbance in physiological aspects for larvae”
t0“Spodoptera frugiperda”
e1“Maize, Zea mays L. is an economic cereal in Egypt.”
The same questions in other papers
hexaflumuron · Spodoptera frugiperda · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
diflubenzuron · Spodoptera frugiperda · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.