Abstract
Eco-friendly inert materials can be achieved minimizing insect damages, this study was conducted to explore the efficacy of the three inert materials at 20% (w/w) paddy husk ash (PHA), fine dry sea salt and tiny bricks against the cowpea weevil C. maculatus on stored cowpea (V. unguiculata) on the basis of adulticidal effects and asses the influence against germination losses of the seeds. The result exhibited a significant difference (p≤ 0.0001) in their level of weevil attack during the storage. Maximum 100% adult mortality was recorded in the cowpea seeds incorporated with PHA after 96 hours of the treatment followed by dry salt it was observed 94% at the 5th day whereas, tiny bricks killed only 20% weevils as untreated control until 5th day after the treatment. Further, PHA treated seeds much reduced the capable of the egg laying capacity of weevil (9.8± 0.58eggs/ female) as well as minimized the production of new progenies (13.6 ± 0.37) and also there were recorded 0.03% weight loss and zero percent germination losses proving it to be best protectant on stored cowpea. However, significantly (p≤ 0.0001) any adverse effects that, egg laying capacity and new progeny production did not visible in dry salt up to 90 days after the treatments except minimize the germination loss. Among the inert materials used, tiny bricks were found ineffective to cause adult mortality, fecundity and adult emergency in F1 generation (119.8± 1.78), it was further increased production of new weevils obtained following the next F2 generation (1301 ± 0.65) and play down the losses of weight and germination of the seeds. Considering it was noticed tiny bricks treated seeds significantly equivalence with the level of damage by the weevil C. maculatus in untreated control on stored cowpea.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Cowpea seeds incorporated with paddy husk ash (PHA) gave a maximum of 100% adult cowpea weevil mortality after 96 hours.
- Taxon
- cowpea
Vigna unguiculatat0 - Treatment
- cowpea seeds incorporated with PHAe1
- Interactor
- cowpea weevil C. maculatuse0pest
- Outcome
- adult mortalitye1
- Direction
- Maximume1
- Value
- 100%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“stored cowpea (Vigna unguiculate L.)”
e0“against the cowpea weevil C. maculatus on stored cowpea (V. unguiculata)”
e1“Maximum 100% adult mortality was recorded in the cowpea seeds incorporated with PHA after 96 hours of the treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry sea salt gave 94% adult cowpea weevil mortality at the 5th day after treatment.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- dry salte2
- Interactor
- cowpea weevil C. maculatuse0pest
- Outcome
- adult mortalitye1
- Value
- 94%e2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“stored cowpea (Vigna unguiculate L.)”
e0“against the cowpea weevil C. maculatus on stored cowpea (V. unguiculata)”
e1“Maximum 100% adult mortality was recorded in the cowpea seeds incorporated with PHA after 96 hours of the treatment”
e2“followed by dry salt it was observed 94% at the 5th day”
Claim · model-written summary
Tiny bricks killed only 20% of cowpea weevils, the same as the untreated control, until the 5th day.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- tiny brickse3
- Interactor
- cowpea weevil C. maculatuse0pest
- Outcome
- adult mortalitye1
- Direction
- killed onlye3
- Value
- 20%e3
- Comparator
- untreated controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“stored cowpea (Vigna unguiculate L.)”
e0“against the cowpea weevil C. maculatus on stored cowpea (V. unguiculata)”
e1“Maximum 100% adult mortality was recorded in the cowpea seeds incorporated with PHA after 96 hours of the treatment”
e3“tiny bricks killed only 20% weevils as untreated control until 5th day after the treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
PHA-treated seeds much reduced cowpea weevil egg laying capacity to 9.8 ± 0.58 eggs per female.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- PHA treated seedse4
- Interactor
- cowpea weevil C. maculatuse0pest
- Outcome
- egg laying capacitye4
- Direction
- much reducede4
- Value
- 9.8± 0.58eggs/ femalee4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“stored cowpea (Vigna unguiculate L.)”
e0“against the cowpea weevil C. maculatus on stored cowpea (V. unguiculata)”
e4“PHA treated seeds much reduced the capable of the egg laying capacity of weevil (9.8± 0.58eggs/ female) as well as minimized the production of new progenies (13.6 ± 0.37)”
Claim · model-written summary
PHA-treated seeds minimized production of new cowpea weevil progenies (13.6 ± 0.37).
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- PHA treated seedse4
- Interactor
- cowpea weevil C. maculatuse0pest
- Outcome
- production of new progeniese4
- Direction
- minimizede4
- Value
- 13.6 ± 0.37e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“stored cowpea (Vigna unguiculate L.)”
e0“against the cowpea weevil C. maculatus on stored cowpea (V. unguiculata)”
e4“PHA treated seeds much reduced the capable of the egg laying capacity of weevil (9.8± 0.58eggs/ female) as well as minimized the production of new progenies (13.6 ± 0.37)”
Claim · model-written summary
PHA-treated stored cowpea showed 0.03% weight loss.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- PHA treated seedse4
- Interactor
- cowpea weevil C. maculatuse0pest
- Outcome
- weight losse5
- Value
- 0.03%e5
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“stored cowpea (Vigna unguiculate L.)”
e0“against the cowpea weevil C. maculatus on stored cowpea (V. unguiculata)”
e4“PHA treated seeds much reduced the capable of the egg laying capacity of weevil (9.8± 0.58eggs/ female) as well as minimized the production of new progenies (13.6 ± 0.37)”
e5“there were recorded 0.03% weight loss and zero percent germination losses”
Claim · model-written summary
PHA-treated stored cowpea showed zero percent germination loss.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- PHA treated seedse4
- Interactor
- cowpea weevil C. maculatuse0pest
- Outcome
- germination lossese5
- Value
- zero percente5
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“stored cowpea (Vigna unguiculate L.)”
e0“against the cowpea weevil C. maculatus on stored cowpea (V. unguiculata)”
e4“PHA treated seeds much reduced the capable of the egg laying capacity of weevil (9.8± 0.58eggs/ female) as well as minimized the production of new progenies (13.6 ± 0.37)”
e5“there were recorded 0.03% weight loss and zero percent germination losses”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry sea salt did not visibly affect cowpea weevil egg laying capacity or new progeny production up to 90 days after treatment.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- dry salte6
- Interactor
- cowpea weevil C. maculatuse0pest
- Outcome
- egg laying capacity and new progeny productione6
- Direction
- did not visiblee6
- Qualifier
- up to 90 days after the treatmentse6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“stored cowpea (Vigna unguiculate L.)”
e0“against the cowpea weevil C. maculatus on stored cowpea (V. unguiculata)”
e6“egg laying capacity and new progeny production did not visible in dry salt up to 90 days after the treatments except minimize the germination loss”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry sea salt minimized cowpea germination loss on stored cowpea.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- dry salte6
- Interactor
- cowpea weevil C. maculatuse0pest
- Outcome
- germination losse6
- Direction
- minimizee6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“stored cowpea (Vigna unguiculate L.)”
e0“against the cowpea weevil C. maculatus on stored cowpea (V. unguiculata)”
e6“egg laying capacity and new progeny production did not visible in dry salt up to 90 days after the treatments except minimize the germination loss”
Claim · model-written summary
Tiny bricks were ineffective against adult mortality, fecundity and adult emergency in the F1 generation (119.8 ± 1.78).
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- tiny brickse7
- Interactor
- cowpea weevil C. maculatuse0pest
- Outcome
- adult mortality, fecundity and adult emergencye7
- Direction
- ineffectivee7
- Value
- 119.8± 1.78e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“stored cowpea (Vigna unguiculate L.)”
e0“against the cowpea weevil C. maculatus on stored cowpea (V. unguiculata)”
e7“tiny bricks were found ineffective to cause adult mortality, fecundity and adult emergency in F1 generation (119.8± 1.78), it was further increased production of new weevils obtained following the next F2 generation (1301 ± 0.65) and play down the losses of weight and germination of the seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Tiny bricks further increased production of new cowpea weevils in the F2 generation (1301 ± 0.65).
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- tiny brickse7
- Interactor
- cowpea weevil C. maculatuse0pest
- Outcome
- production of new weevilse7
- Direction
- further increasede7
- Value
- 1301 ± 0.65e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“stored cowpea (Vigna unguiculate L.)”
e0“against the cowpea weevil C. maculatus on stored cowpea (V. unguiculata)”
e7“tiny bricks were found ineffective to cause adult mortality, fecundity and adult emergency in F1 generation (119.8± 1.78), it was further increased production of new weevils obtained following the next F2 generation (1301 ± 0.65) and play down the losses of weight and germination of the seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Tiny bricks are reported to play down losses of seed weight and germination.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- tiny brickse7
- Interactor
- cowpea weevil C. maculatuse0pest
- Outcome
- losses of weight and germination of the seedse7
- Direction
- play downe7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“stored cowpea (Vigna unguiculate L.)”
e0“against the cowpea weevil C. maculatus on stored cowpea (V. unguiculata)”
e7“tiny bricks were found ineffective to cause adult mortality, fecundity and adult emergency in F1 generation (119.8± 1.78), it was further increased production of new weevils obtained following the next F2 generation (1301 ± 0.65) and play down the losses of weight and germination of the seeds”
The same questions in other papers
salinity · growth · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results differ
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 57 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
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59 papers more in this group
See all 63 papers →salinity · pest · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.