Abstract
Implementing nanofertilizers in cultivation to enhance food security is important and gaining great significance, as they have good properties to improve plant production, phytochemicals, and nutrient efficiency and thereby meet the demands of the increasing world population for food. This work demonstrated the impact of calcium carbonate nanoparticles (Ca-NPs) and Ca bulk at three concentrations (0, 100, and 200 mg L−1) on growth, productivity, photosynthetic pigments, phytochemical content, antioxidant activity enzymes, minerals, toxicity, and genomic DNA of lettuce plants. In this regard, Ca-NPs at a concentration of 200 mg L−1 reinforced the vegetative growth characteristics of lettuce plants, increasing head length by 15.7 and 19.2%, head diameter by 20.3 and 19.9%, head fresh weight by 54.4 and 52.9%, and production per hectare by 54.7 and 52.8% as compared to the control during the two growing seasons. Furthermore, the percentages of total chlorophyll (62.6 and 59.5%), carotenoids (48.4 and 56.5%), total phenolics (63.6 and 65.7%), total indoles (39.4 and 36.4%), vitamin C (39.7 and 39.6%), antioxidant activity (57.8 and 53.7%), nitrogen (70.5 and 67.5%), phosphorus (120 and 110.5%), potassium (33.0 and 33.2%), and calcium (67.14 and 63.2%) were also increased compared with the control during two consecutive growing seasons. Additionally, Ca-NPs and Ca bulk had an impact on the plants’ genomic DNA compared to the control. In addition, lettuce plants treated with Ca-NPs were proven to be nontoxic and safe for humans by using the Microtox 500 analyzer.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Ca-NPs at 200 mg L−1 increased lettuce head length by 15.7 and 19.2%.
- Taxon
- lettuce plants
Lactuca sativae0 - Treatment
- Ca-NPs at a concentration of 200 mg L−1e0
- Outcome
- head lengthe0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 15.7 and 19.2%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ca-NPs at a concentration of 200 mg L−1 reinforced the vegetative growth characteristics of lettuce plants, increasing head length by 15.7 and 19.2%, head diameter by 20.3 and 19.9%, head fresh weight by 54.4 and 52.9%, and production per hectare by 54.7 and 52.8% as compared to the control during the two growing seasons.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ca-NPs increased head diameter by 20.3 and 19.9%.
- Taxon
- Lettuce PlantsLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Ca-NPse1
- Outcome
- head diametere0
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Value
- 20.3 and 19.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“head diameter by 20.3 and 19.9%”
t0“Improving the Productivity and Physiological Characteristics of Lettuce Plants Using Spraying Calcium as a Nanofertilizer”
e1“Ca-NPs at a concentration of 200 mg L−1 reinforced the vegetative growth characteristics of lettuce plants, increasing head length”
Claim · model-written summary
Ca-NPs increased head fresh weight by 54.4 and 52.9%.
- Taxon
- lettuce plantsLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Ca-NPse1
- Outcome
- head fresh weighte0
- Value
- 54.4 and 52.9%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“head fresh weight by 54.4 and 52.9%”
t0“Lettuce Plants”
e1“Ca-NPs at a concentration of 200 mg L−1”
Claim · model-written summary
Ca-NPs increased production per hectare by 54.7 and 52.8%.
- Taxon
- Lettuce PlantsLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Calcium as a Nanofertilizert0
- Outcome
- production per hectaree0
- Value
- 54.7 and 52.8%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“production per hectare by 54.7 and 52.8%”
t0“Lettuce Plants Using Spraying Calcium as a Nanofertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Ca-NPs increased total chlorophyll and carotenoids in both seasons.
- Taxon
- lettuce plantsLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Ca-NPse1
- Outcome
- total chlorophylle0
- Value
- 62.6 and 59.5%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the percentages of total chlorophyll (62.6 and 59.5%), carotenoids (48.4 and 56.5%)”
t0“Lettuce Plants”
e1“Ca-NPs at a concentration of 200 mg L−1”
Claim · model-written summary
Carotenoids increased by 48.4 and 56.5%.
- Taxon
- Lettuce PlantsLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Calcium as a Nanofertilizert0
- Outcome
- carotenoidse0
- Value
- 48.4 and 56.5%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“carotenoids (48.4 and 56.5%)”
t0“Lettuce Plants Using Spraying Calcium as a Nanofertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Total phenolics increased by 63.6 and 65.7%.
- Taxon
- Lettuce PlantsLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Calcium as a Nanofertilizert0
- Outcome
- total phenolicse0
- Value
- 63.6 and 65.7%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total phenolics (63.6 and 65.7%)”
t0“Lettuce Plants Using Spraying Calcium as a Nanofertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Total indoles increased by 39.4 and 36.4%.
- Taxon
- Lettuce PlantsLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Calcium as a Nanofertilizert0
- Outcome
- total indolese0
- Value
- 39.4 and 36.4%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total indoles (39.4 and 36.4%)”
t0“Lettuce Plants Using Spraying Calcium as a Nanofertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Vitamin C increased by 39.7 and 39.6%.
- Taxon
- Lettuce PlantsLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Calcium as a Nanofertilizert0
- Outcome
- vitamin Ce0
- Value
- 39.7 and 39.6%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“vitamin C (39.7 and 39.6%)”
t0“Lettuce Plants Using Spraying Calcium as a Nanofertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant activity increased by 57.8 and 53.7%.
- Taxon
- Lettuce PlantsLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Calcium as a Nanofertilizert0
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitye0
- Value
- 57.8 and 53.7%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“antioxidant activity (57.8 and 53.7%)”
t0“Lettuce Plants Using Spraying Calcium as a Nanofertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen increased by 70.5 and 67.5%.
- Taxon
- Lettuce PlantsLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Calcium as a Nanofertilizert0
- Outcome
- nitrogene0
- Value
- 70.5 and 67.5%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nitrogen (70.5 and 67.5%)”
t0“Lettuce Plants Using Spraying Calcium as a Nanofertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus increased by 120 and 110.5%.
- Taxon
- Lettuce PlantsLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Calcium as a Nanofertilizert0
- Outcome
- phosphoruse0
- Value
- 120 and 110.5%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phosphorus (120 and 110.5%)”
t0“Lettuce Plants Using Spraying Calcium as a Nanofertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium increased by 33.0 and 33.2%.
- Taxon
- Lettuce PlantsLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Calcium as a Nanofertilizert0
- Outcome
- potassiume0
- Value
- 33.0 and 33.2%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“potassium (33.0 and 33.2%)”
t0“Lettuce Plants Using Spraying Calcium as a Nanofertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium increased by 67.14 and 63.2%.
- Taxon
- Lettuce PlantsLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Calcium as a Nanofertilizert0
- Outcome
- calciume0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 67.14 and 63.2%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“calcium (67.14 and 63.2%) were also increased compared with the control during two consecutive growing seasons.”
t0“Lettuce Plants Using Spraying Calcium as a Nanofertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Ca-NPs and Ca bulk affected lettuce genomic DNA.
- Taxon
- Lettuce PlantsLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Ca-NPs and Ca bulke0
- Outcome
- genomic DNAe0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ca-NPs and Ca bulk had an impact on the plants’ genomic DNA compared to the control.”
t0“Lettuce Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Microtox analysis classified Ca-NPs-treated lettuce as nontoxic and safe for humans.
- Taxon
- lettuce plantsLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- Ca-NPse0
- Outcome
- nontoxic and safe for humanse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lettuce plants treated with Ca-NPs were proven to be nontoxic and safe for humans by using the Microtox 500 analyzer.”
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See all 5 papers →8 of 11 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.