Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to investigate the essential oil extracted from the aerial parts of Teucrium viscidum Blume, a perennial herb belonging to the Lamiaceae family, collected in Vietnam. The focus was on determining the essential oil's chemical composition and evaluating its antimicrobial and mosquito larvicidal activities. Methods The essential oil of T. viscidum was analyzed using GC–FID/MS to identify its chemical constituents. The antimicrobial activity was assessed against seven microorganisms using the broth microdilution method to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) values. The larvicidal activity was evaluated against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae, with lethal concentration (LC 50 and LC 90 ) values calculated after 24 and 48 h of exposure. Results Chemical analysis revealed that the essential oil of T. viscidum was predominantly composed of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, with ( E )-caryophyllene (47.91%) and germacrene D (19.17%) as the major constituents. The essential oil exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against three Gram-positive bacteria ( Enterococcus faecalis , Staphylococcus aureus , and Bacillus cereus ), one Gram-negative bacterium ( Pseudomonas aeruginosa ), and one yeast ( Candida albicans ), with MIC values ranging from 32 to 64 μg/mL and IC 50 values ranging from 9.56 to 24.07 μg/mL. The mosquito larvicidal activity of the essential oil showed strong efficacy against C. quinquefasciatus larvae, with LC 50 values of 23.07 μg/mL after 24 h and 19.67 μg/mL after 48 h, and LC 90 values of 32.90 μg/mL at 24 h and 29.99 μg/mL at 48 h, indicating increased effectiveness with prolonged exposure. Conclusion This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the chemical composition and biological activities of T. viscidum essential oil. The findings highlight its potent antimicrobial and mosquito larvicidal properties, suggesting it as a promising natural alternative to synthetic antimicrobial agents and insecticides. Further research is warranted to explore its mechanisms of action and potential applications in pharmaceuticals and pest control.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Essential oil of Teucrium viscidum was predominantly composed of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons.
- Taxon
- Teucrium viscidum
Teucrium viscidumt0 - Outcome
- predominantly composed of sesquiterpene hydrocarbonse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Teucrium viscidum”
e1“the essential oil of T. viscidum was predominantly composed of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons”
Claim · model-written summary
( E )-caryophyllene was the major constituent at 47.91% of the essential oil.
- Taxon
- Teucrium viscidumTeucrium viscidumt0
- Outcome
- ( E )-caryophyllenee2
- Value
- 47.91%e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Teucrium viscidum”
e2“with ( E )-caryophyllene (47.91%) and germacrene D (19.17%) as the major constituents”
Claim · model-written summary
Germacrene D was a major constituent at 19.17% of the essential oil.
- Taxon
- Teucrium viscidumTeucrium viscidumt0
- Outcome
- germacrene De2
- Value
- 19.17%e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Teucrium viscidum”
e2“with ( E )-caryophyllene (47.91%) and germacrene D (19.17%) as the major constituents”
Claim · model-written summary
Essential oil showed significant antimicrobial activity with MIC values of 32 to 64 μg/mL.
- Taxon
- Teucrium viscidumTeucrium viscidumt0
- Outcome
- MICe3
- Value
- 32 to 64 μg/mLe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Teucrium viscidum”
e3“with MIC values ranging from 32 to 64 μg/mL”
Claim · model-written summary
Essential oil showed IC 50 values of 9.56 to 24.07 μg/mL against the tested microorganisms.
- Taxon
- Teucrium viscidumTeucrium viscidumt0
- Outcome
- IC 50e4
- Value
- 9.56 to 24.07 μg/mLe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Teucrium viscidum”
e4“IC 50 values ranging from 9.56 to 24.07 μg/mL”
Claim · model-written summary
Essential oil showed strong larvicidal efficacy against C. quinquefasciatus larvae, with LC 50 of 23.07 μg/mL after 24 h.
- Taxon
- Teucrium viscidumTeucrium viscidumt0
- Treatment
- essential oile5
- Interactor
- C. quinquefasciatus
Culex quinquefasciatuse5other - Outcome
- LC 50e5
- Value
- 23.07 μg/mLe5
- Qualifier
- after 24 he5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Teucrium viscidum”
e5“The mosquito larvicidal activity of the essential oil showed strong efficacy against C. quinquefasciatus larvae, with LC 50 values of 23.07 μg/mL after 24 h and 19.67 μg/mL after 48 h”
Claim · model-written summary
Essential oil LC 50 against C. quinquefasciatus larvae was 19.67 μg/mL after 48 h.
- Taxon
- Teucrium viscidumTeucrium viscidumt0
- Treatment
- essential oile5
- Interactor
- C. quinquefasciatusCulex quinquefasciatuse5other
- Outcome
- LC 50e5
- Value
- 19.67 μg/mLe5
- Qualifier
- after 48 he5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Teucrium viscidum”
e5“The mosquito larvicidal activity of the essential oil showed strong efficacy against C. quinquefasciatus larvae, with LC 50 values of 23.07 μg/mL after 24 h and 19.67 μg/mL after 48 h”
Claim · model-written summary
Essential oil LC 90 against C. quinquefasciatus larvae was 32.90 μg/mL at 24 h.
- Taxon
- Teucrium viscidumTeucrium viscidumt0
- Treatment
- essential oile5
- Interactor
- C. quinquefasciatusCulex quinquefasciatuse5other
- Outcome
- LC 90e6
- Value
- 32.90 μg/mLe6
- Qualifier
- at 24 he6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Teucrium viscidum”
e5“The mosquito larvicidal activity of the essential oil showed strong efficacy against C. quinquefasciatus larvae, with LC 50 values of 23.07 μg/mL after 24 h and 19.67 μg/mL after 48 h”
e6“LC 90 values of 32.90 μg/mL at 24 h and 29.99 μg/mL at 48 h”
Claim · model-written summary
Essential oil LC 90 against C. quinquefasciatus larvae was 29.99 μg/mL at 48 h.
- Taxon
- Teucrium viscidumTeucrium viscidumt0
- Treatment
- essential oile5
- Interactor
- C. quinquefasciatusCulex quinquefasciatuse5other
- Outcome
- LC 90e6
- Value
- 29.99 μg/mLe6
- Qualifier
- at 48 he6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Teucrium viscidum”
e5“The mosquito larvicidal activity of the essential oil showed strong efficacy against C. quinquefasciatus larvae, with LC 50 values of 23.07 μg/mL after 24 h and 19.67 μg/mL after 48 h”
e6“LC 90 values of 32.90 μg/mL at 24 h and 29.99 μg/mL at 48 h”
Claim · model-written summary
Larvicidal effectiveness of the essential oil increased with prolonged exposure.
- Taxon
- Teucrium viscidumTeucrium viscidumt0
- Treatment
- prolonged exposuree7
- Outcome
- effectivenesse7
- Direction
- increasede7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Teucrium viscidum”
e7“indicating increased effectiveness with prolonged exposure”