Abstract
Fungal phytopathogens are the primary causative agents of plant diseases and can significantly limit crop production. As an alternative to synthetic fungicides, often associated with detrimental environmental effects, the use of botanicals is a promising tool for managing fungal infections. This study analysed the phytochemical profiles, as well as the antioxidant and antifungal effect of Arctotis arctotoides (L.F.) Hoffm. The phytochemical profiles were determined using spectrophotometry and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS), while two chemical test models were used to assess the antioxidant effect of the plant extract. The antifungal activity was evaluated against Pythium ultimum using the agar well diffusion method. Varying concentrations of total phenolics (131.70 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram (GAE/g) of dry weight (DW) for acetone and 231.56 mg GAE/g DW for methanol extracts) and flavonoids (11.36 mg quercetin equivalents per gram (QE/g) of dry weight (DW) for acetone and 9.86 mg QE/g DW for methanol extracts) were recorded. The LC-MS analysis of the plant extract revealed 14 tentatively identified compounds and 7 unknown bioactive compounds. Two of the compounds, dehydrocostus lactone and methyl pheophorbide A, have been associated with antioxidant effects. Acetone extract (16.67 mm) and methanol extract (18.33 mm) of Arctotis arctotoides exhibited considerable inhibitory effects against P . ultimum . Further antifungal assessment of the identified bioactive compounds remains essential to establish their activity against phytopathogens relevant in the agricultural sector, especially under field conditions.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Acetone extract contained total phenolics at 131.70 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram dry weight.
- Taxon
- Arctotis arctotoides
Arctotis arctotoidest0 - Treatment
- acetonee0
- Outcome
- total phenolicse0
- Value
- 131.70 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram (GAE/g) of dry weight (DW)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total phenolics (131.70 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram (GAE/g) of dry weight (DW) for acetone”
t0“Arctotis arctotoides”
Claim · model-written summary
Methanol extract had total phenolics at 231.56 mg GAE/g DW.
- Taxon
- Arctotis arctotoidesArctotis arctotoidest0
- Treatment
- methanol extractse0
- Outcome
- total phenolicse0
- Value
- 231.56 mg GAE/g DWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total phenolics (131.70 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram (GAE/g) of dry weight (DW) for acetone and 231.56 mg GAE/g DW for methanol extracts”
t0“Phytochemical characterization and biological properties of Arctotis arctotoides”
Claim · model-written summary
Acetone extract flavonoids measured 11.36 mg quercetin equivalents per gram dry weight.
- Taxon
- Arctotis arctotoidesArctotis arctotoidest0
- Treatment
- acetonee0
- Outcome
- flavonoidse0
- Value
- 11.36 mg quercetin equivalents per gram (QE/g) of dry weight (DW)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“flavonoids (11.36 mg quercetin equivalents per gram (QE/g) of dry weight (DW) for acetone”
t0“Arctotis arctotoides”
Claim · model-written summary
Methanol extract flavonoids measured 9.86 mg QE/g DW.
- Taxon
- Arctotis arctotoidesArctotis arctotoidest0
- Treatment
- methanol extractse0
- Outcome
- flavonoidse0
- Value
- 9.86 mg QE/g DWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“flavonoids (11.36 mg quercetin equivalents per gram (QE/g) of dry weight (DW) for acetone and 9.86 mg QE/g DW for methanol extracts”
t0“Phytochemical characterization and biological properties of Arctotis arctotoides”
Claim · model-written summary
LC-MS tentatively identified 14 compounds in the extract.
- Taxon
- Arctotis arctotoidesArctotis arctotoidest0
- Outcome
- tentatively identified compoundse0
- Value
- 14e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The LC-MS analysis of the plant extract revealed 14 tentatively identified compounds”
t0“Arctotis arctotoides”
Claim · model-written summary
LC-MS detected seven unknown bioactive compounds in the extract.
- Taxon
- Arctotis arctotoidesArctotis arctotoidest0
- Outcome
- unknown bioactive compoundse0
- Value
- 7e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“7 unknown bioactive compounds”
t0“Arctotis arctotoides”
Claim · model-written summary
Dehydrocostus lactone and methyl pheophorbide A were associated with antioxidant effects.
- Taxon
- Arctotis arctotoidesArctotis arctotoidest0
- Compound
- dehydrocostus lactone and methyl pheophorbide Ae0
- Outcome
- antioxidant effectse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dehydrocostus lactone and methyl pheophorbide A, have been associated with antioxidant effects”
t0“Arctotis arctotoides”
Claim · model-written summary
Acetone extract inhibited P. ultimum by 16.67 mm.
- Taxon
- P . ultimumGlobisporangium ultimume0
- Treatment
- Acetone extracte0
- Outcome
- inhibitory effectse0
- Direction
- inhibitorye0
- Value
- 16.67 mme0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Acetone extract (16.67 mm) and methanol extract (18.33 mm) of Arctotis arctotoides exhibited considerable inhibitory effects against P . ultimum”
Claim · model-written summary
Methanol extract inhibited P. ultimum by 18.33 mm.
- Taxon
- P . ultimumGlobisporangium ultimume0
- Treatment
- methanol extracte0
- Outcome
- inhibitory effectse0
- Direction
- inhibitorye0
- Value
- 18.33 mme0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Acetone extract (16.67 mm) and methanol extract (18.33 mm) of Arctotis arctotoides exhibited considerable inhibitory effects against P . ultimum”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors call for tests of identified compounds against agricultural pathogens in field conditions.
Verbatim
e0“Further antifungal assessment of the identified bioactive compounds remains essential to establish their activity against phytopathogens relevant in the agricultural sector, especially under field conditions”