Abstract
Excessive manganese (Mn) concentrations affect plant gene expression, alter metabolite content, and impede plant growth. Rice plants are particularly susceptible to Mn toxicity stress in acidic soil; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are so far unclear. This study used transcriptomic and metabolomic sequencing to examine roots and leaves of rice plants subjected to Mn toxicity stress. The findings showed that high Mn stress increased the content of malondialdehyde, proline, and soluble sugar in rice roots by 262.28 %, 803.37 %, and 167.25 %, respectively. In rice roots, the enzymatic activities of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) elevated by 119.69 %, 408.44 %, 151.97 %, and 27.19 %, respectively. In rice leaves, the proline content increased by 632.45 %, whereas the enzymatic activities of POD, SOD, CAT, and APX were elevated by 167.17 %, 14.08 %, 103.60 %, and 146.74 %, respectively. Mn toxicity stress decreased soluble protein content in rice roots, and in the leaves, it reduced the soluble protein, soluble sugar, and chlorophyll contents. In addition, Mn toxicity led to reduced biomass accumulation, plant height, stem diameter, and root growth. The contents of salicylic acid (increased by 118.40 % in roots and 66.38 % in leaves) and jasmonic acid (decreased by 50.18 % in roots and increased by 143.97 % in leaves) were also affected. Transcriptome analysis identified differentially expressed genes associated with transcription factors, antioxidant enzymes, and metal transporters. Metabolomics revealed 176 and 214 different metabolites in the roots and leaves, respectively, that under Mn toxicity stress affected major metabolic pathways associated with fatty and amino acids. The phenylalanine metabolism pathway was significantly enriched in both the roots and leaves. Combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed three key pathways: lysine degradation and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in roots and alpha-linolenic acid metabolism in leaves. Metabolic substances and genes associated with metabolic enzymes were identified. These results enhance our understanding of the molecular processes underlying the responses of rice to Mn toxicity stress and provide a basis for breeding Mn-tolerant rice varieties.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
High Mn stress increased rice root malondialdehyde content by 262.28 %.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- high Mn stresse0
- Outcome
- malondialdehydee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 262.28 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The findings showed that high Mn stress increased the content of malondialdehyde, proline, and soluble sugar in rice roots by 262.28 %, 803.37 %, and 167.25 %, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
High Mn stress increased rice root proline content by 803.37 %.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- high Mn stresse0
- Outcome
- prolinee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 803.37 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The findings showed that high Mn stress increased the content of malondialdehyde, proline, and soluble sugar in rice roots by 262.28 %, 803.37 %, and 167.25 %, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
High Mn stress increased rice root soluble sugar content by 167.25 %.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- high Mn stresse0
- Outcome
- soluble sugare0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 167.25 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The findings showed that high Mn stress increased the content of malondialdehyde, proline, and soluble sugar in rice roots by 262.28 %, 803.37 %, and 167.25 %, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mn toxicity elevated rice root peroxidase (POD) activity by 119.69 %.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- Mn toxicity stresst0
- Outcome
- peroxidase (POD)e0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Value
- 119.69 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In rice roots, the enzymatic activities of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) elevated by 119.69 %, 408.44 %, 151.97 %, and 27.19 %, respectively.”
t0“rice to Mn toxicity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Mn toxicity elevated rice root superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity by 408.44 %.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- Mn toxicity stresst0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD)e0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Value
- 408.44 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In rice roots, the enzymatic activities of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) elevated by 119.69 %, 408.44 %, 151.97 %, and 27.19 %, respectively.”
t0“rice to Mn toxicity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Mn toxicity elevated rice root catalase (CAT) activity by 151.97 %.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- Mn toxicity stresst0
- Outcome
- catalase (CAT)e0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Value
- 151.97 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In rice roots, the enzymatic activities of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) elevated by 119.69 %, 408.44 %, 151.97 %, and 27.19 %, respectively.”
t0“rice to Mn toxicity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Mn toxicity elevated rice root ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity by 27.19 %.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- Mn toxicity stresst0
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidase (APX)e0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Value
- 27.19 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In rice roots, the enzymatic activities of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) elevated by 119.69 %, 408.44 %, 151.97 %, and 27.19 %, respectively.”
t0“rice to Mn toxicity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice leaf proline content increased by 632.45% under Mn toxicity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Mn toxicity stresst0
- Outcome
- proline contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 632.45 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In rice leaves, the proline content increased by 632.45 %, whereas the enzymatic activities of POD, SOD, CAT, and APX were elevated by 167.17 %, 14.08 %, 103.60 %, and 146.74 %, respectively.”
t0“rice to Mn toxicity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice leaf POD activity rose by 167.17 % under Mn toxicity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Mn toxicity stresst0
- Outcome
- PODe0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Value
- 167.17 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In rice leaves, the proline content increased by 632.45 %, whereas the enzymatic activities of POD, SOD, CAT, and APX were elevated by 167.17 %, 14.08 %, 103.60 %, and 146.74 %, respectively.”
t0“rice to Mn toxicity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice leaf SOD activity rose by 14.08 % under Mn toxicity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Mn toxicity stresst0
- Outcome
- SODe0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Value
- 14.08 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In rice leaves, the proline content increased by 632.45 %, whereas the enzymatic activities of POD, SOD, CAT, and APX were elevated by 167.17 %, 14.08 %, 103.60 %, and 146.74 %, respectively.”
t0“rice to Mn toxicity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice leaf CAT activity rose by 103.60 % under Mn toxicity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Mn toxicity stresst0
- Outcome
- CATe0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Value
- 103.60 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In rice leaves, the proline content increased by 632.45 %, whereas the enzymatic activities of POD, SOD, CAT, and APX were elevated by 167.17 %, 14.08 %, 103.60 %, and 146.74 %, respectively.”
t0“rice to Mn toxicity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice leaf APX activity rose by 146.74 % under Mn toxicity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Mn toxicity stresst0
- Outcome
- APXe0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Value
- 146.74 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In rice leaves, the proline content increased by 632.45 %, whereas the enzymatic activities of POD, SOD, CAT, and APX were elevated by 167.17 %, 14.08 %, 103.60 %, and 146.74 %, respectively.”
t0“rice to Mn toxicity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Mn toxicity increased rice roots salicylic acid content by 118.40 %.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- Mn toxicity stresst0
- Outcome
- salicylic acide0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 118.40 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The contents of salicylic acid (increased by 118.40 % in roots and 66.38 % in leaves) and jasmonic acid (decreased by 50.18 % in roots and increased by 143.97 % in leaves) were also affected.”
t0“rice to Mn toxicity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Mn toxicity increased rice leaves salicylic acid content by 66.38 %.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Mn toxicity stresst0
- Outcome
- salicylic acide0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 66.38 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The contents of salicylic acid (increased by 118.40 % in roots and 66.38 % in leaves) and jasmonic acid (decreased by 50.18 % in roots and increased by 143.97 % in leaves) were also affected.”
t0“rice to Mn toxicity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Mn toxicity decreased rice roots jasmonic acid content by 50.18 %.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- Mn toxicity stresst0
- Outcome
- jasmonic acide0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 50.18 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The contents of salicylic acid (increased by 118.40 % in roots and 66.38 % in leaves) and jasmonic acid (decreased by 50.18 % in roots and increased by 143.97 % in leaves) were also affected.”
t0“rice to Mn toxicity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Mn toxicity increased rice leaves jasmonic acid content by 143.97 %.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Mn toxicity stresst0
- Outcome
- jasmonic acide0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 143.97 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The contents of salicylic acid (increased by 118.40 % in roots and 66.38 % in leaves) and jasmonic acid (decreased by 50.18 % in roots and increased by 143.97 % in leaves) were also affected.”
t0“rice to Mn toxicity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Mn toxicity decreased rice root soluble protein content.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- Mn toxicity stresse0
- Outcome
- soluble protein contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mn toxicity stress decreased soluble protein content in rice roots, and in the leaves, it reduced the soluble protein, soluble sugar, and chlorophyll contents.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mn toxicity reduced rice leaf soluble protein, soluble sugar, and chlorophyll contents.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Mn toxicity stresse0
- Outcome
- soluble protein, soluble sugar, and chlorophyll contentse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mn toxicity stress decreased soluble protein content in rice roots, and in the leaves, it reduced the soluble protein, soluble sugar, and chlorophyll contents.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mn toxicity reduced rice biomass accumulation, plant height, and stem diameter.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Mn toxicitye0
- Outcome
- biomass accumulation, plant height, stem diametere0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In addition, Mn toxicity led to reduced biomass accumulation, plant height, stem diameter, and root growth.”
t0“rice to Mn toxicity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Mn toxicity reduced rice root growth.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Mn toxicitye0
- Outcome
- root growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In addition, Mn toxicity led to reduced biomass accumulation, plant height, stem diameter, and root growth.”
t0“rice to Mn toxicity stress”
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