Abstract
Microscopic evidence demonstrated a strictly biotrophic lifestyle of the scab fungus Venturia inaequalis on growing apple leaves and characterised its hemibiotrophy as the combination of biotrophy and saprotrophy not described before. The pathogen–host interface was characterised by the formation of knob-like structures of the fungal stroma appressed to epidermal cells as early as 1 day after host penetration, very thin fan-shaped cells covering large parts of the host cell lumen, and enzymatic cuticle penetration from the subcuticular space limited to the protruding conidiophores. The V. inaequalis cell wall had numerous orifices, facilitating intimate contact with the host tissue. Pathogen-induced modifications of host cells included partial degradation of the cell wall, transition of epidermal cells into transfer cells, modification of epidermal pit fields to manipulate the flow of nutrients and other compounds, and formation of globular protuberances of mesophyll cells without contact with the pathogen. The non-haustorial biotrophy was characterised by enlarged areas of intimate contact with host cells, often mediated by a matrix between the pathogen and plant structures. The new microscopic evidence and information on the pathogens’ biochemistry and secretome from the literature gave rise to a model of the lifestyle of V. inaequalis, lacking a necrotrophic stage that covers and explains its holomorphic development.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Venturia inaequalis had a strictly biotrophic lifestyle on growing apple leaves.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae0 - Organ / stage
- growing apple leavese0
- Interactor
- Venturia inaequalis
Venturia inaequalise0pathogen - Outcome
- strictly biotrophic lifestylee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“strictly biotrophic lifestyle of the scab fungus Venturia inaequalis on growing apple leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
The fungus combined biotrophy with saprotrophy rather than a necrotrophic stage.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- combination of biotrophy and saprotrophye0
- Qualifier
- hemibiotrophye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“characterised its hemibiotrophy as the combination of biotrophy and saprotrophy not described before”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal stromal knobs formed against apple epidermal cells one day after penetration.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- formation of knob-like structures of the fungal stroma appressed to epidermal cellse0
- Value
- 1 daye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“formation of knob-like structures of the fungal stroma appressed to epidermal cells as early as 1 day after host penetration”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Thin fan-shaped fungal cells covered large parts of host cell lumens.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- very thin fan-shaped cells covering large parts of the host cell lumene0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“very thin fan-shaped cells covering large parts of the host cell lumen”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Cuticle penetration from the subcuticular space was limited to protruding conidiophores.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- enzymatic cuticle penetratione0
- Qualifier
- limited to the protruding conidiophorese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enzymatic cuticle penetration from the subcuticular space limited to the protruding conidiophores”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
The fungal cell wall had numerous orifices associated with host contact.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- V. inaequalisVenturia inaequalise0pathogen
- Outcome
- numerous orificese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The V. inaequalis cell wall had numerous orifices, facilitating intimate contact with the host tissue”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Pathogen-induced apple cell changes included partial cell wall degradation and transition to transfer cells.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- partial degradation of the cell wall, transition of epidermal cells into transfer cellse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pathogen-induced modifications of host cells included partial degradation of the cell wall, transition of epidermal cells into transfer cells”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Apple epidermal pit fields were modified in a manner interpreted to manipulate nutrient flow.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- modification of epidermal pit fieldse0
- Qualifier
- to manipulate the flow of nutrients and other compoundse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“modification of epidermal pit fields to manipulate the flow of nutrients and other compounds”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Apple mesophyll cells formed globular protuberances without pathogen contact.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- formation of globular protuberances of mesophyll cellse0
- Qualifier
- without contact with the pathogene0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“formation of globular protuberances of mesophyll cells without contact with the pathogen”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Nonhaustorial biotrophy involved enlarged contact areas, often mediated by a matrix.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- enlarged areas of intimate contact with host cellse0
- Qualifier
- often mediated by a matrix between the pathogen and plant structurese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The non-haustorial biotrophy was characterised by enlarged areas of intimate contact with host cells, often mediated by a matrix between the pathogen and plant structures”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
The proposed lifestyle model lacks a necrotrophic stage.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- V. inaequalisVenturia inaequalise0pathogen
- Outcome
- lacking a necrotrophic stagee0
- Qualifier
- a model of the lifestylee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a model of the lifestyle of V. inaequalis, lacking a necrotrophic stage”
t0“Apple”