Abstract
Photosynthesis is critically dependent on both adequate light and nitrogen availability. In controlled agricultural environmentswith limited natural light, cucumber faces substantial challenges, including reduced photosynthetic efficiency and biomass accumulation.Nitrogen (N) is a vital component for the synthesis of various macromolecules, metabolites, and signaling molecules in plants. This studyassessed the impact of different nitrate levels (LL-N, LL-1/2N, and LL-2N) on the physiological, biochemical, and metabolic responsesof cucumber under low light conditions (80–100 μmol m–2 s–1 photosynthetic photon flux density) in comparison to standard light(400–500 μmol m–2 s–1 photosynthetic photon flux density) and unchanged nitrate. We observed that increasing nitrate levels to twicethe standard concentration (LL-2N) significantly enhanced shoot morphology, including weight and size, and improved photosyntheticperformance, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rates. In contrast, lower nitrate levels (LL-1/2N) exacerbated stress, leading todiminished photosynthesis and biomass. Biochemical analyses indicated that elevated nitrate concentrations activated key enzymesinvolved in the metabolism of carbon and nitrogen, including glutamine synthetase, sucrose phosphate synthase, nitrate reductase, andglutamate synthase. This led to improvement in the amounts of sucrose, fructose, soluble sugars, free amino acids, and soluble proteins.Additionally, the activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase wereconsiderably greater under conditions of increased nitrate, which reduced the levels of malondialdehyde and H2O2 as oxidative stressmarkers. Furthermore, enhanced nitrate levels upregulated critical photosynthetic genes (rbcL, rbcS, FBPase, and SBPase mRNA),supporting the RuBisCO contents and overall photosynthetic capacity. These findings underscore the effectiveness of strategic nitrateenrichment in mitigating low light stress, providing essential insights for optimizing cucumber cultivation in controlled environmentsand improving productivity.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Doubling nitrate under low light enhanced cucumber shoot weight and size.
- Taxon
- cucumber
Cucumis sativust0 - Treatment
- LL-2Ne0
- Outcome
- shoot morphology, including weight and sizee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- standard concentratione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)”
e0“increasing nitrate levels to twicethe standard concentration (LL-2N) significantly enhanced shoot morphology, including weight and size”
Claim · model-written summary
Doubling nitrate improved photosynthetic performance, stomatal conductance and transpiration.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- LL-2Ne0
- Outcome
- photosyntheticperformance, stomatal conductance, and transpiration ratese0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- standard concentratione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)”
e0“increasing nitrate levels to twicethe standard concentration (LL-2N) significantly enhanced shoot morphology, including weight and size, and improved photosyntheticperformance, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rates”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower nitrate diminished cucumber photosynthesis.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- LL-1/2Ne0
- Outcome
- photosynthesise0
- Direction
- diminishede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)”
e0“lower nitrate levels (LL-1/2N) exacerbated stress, leading todiminished photosynthesis and biomass”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower nitrate diminished cucumber biomass.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- LL-1/2Ne0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- diminishede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)”
e0“lower nitrate levels (LL-1/2N) exacerbated stress, leading todiminished photosynthesis and biomass”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated nitrate activated glutamine synthetase, sucrose phosphate synthase and nitrate reductase.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- elevated nitrate concentrationse0
- Outcome
- glutamine synthetase, sucrose phosphate synthase, nitrate reductasee0
- Direction
- activatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)”
e0“elevated nitrate concentrations activated key enzymesinvolved in the metabolism of carbon and nitrogen, including glutamine synthetase, sucrose phosphate synthase, nitrate reductase, andglutamate synthase”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated nitrate activated glutamate synthase.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- elevated nitrate concentrationse0
- Outcome
- glutamate synthasee0
- Direction
- activatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)”
e0“elevated nitrate concentrations activated key enzymesinvolved in the metabolism of carbon and nitrogen, including glutamine synthetase, sucrose phosphate synthase, nitrate reductase, andglutamate synthase”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated nitrate improved amounts of sucrose, fructose and soluble sugars.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- nitratee1
- Outcome
- amounts of sucrose, fructose, soluble sugarse0
- Direction
- improvemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)”
e0“This led to improvement in the amounts of sucrose, fructose, soluble sugars, free amino acids, and soluble proteins”
e1“elevated nitrate concentrations activated key enzymesinvolved in the metabolism of carbon and nitrogen”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated nitrate improved amounts of free amino acids and soluble proteins.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- nitratee1
- Outcome
- free amino acids, and soluble proteinse0
- Direction
- improvemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)”
e0“This led to improvement in the amounts of sucrose, fructose, soluble sugars, free amino acids, and soluble proteins”
e1“elevated nitrate concentrations activated key enzymesinvolved in the metabolism of carbon and nitrogen”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant enzyme activities were greater with increased nitrate.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- increased nitratee0
- Outcome
- activities of antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- greatere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)”
e0“activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase wereconsiderably greater under conditions of increased nitrate”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased nitrate reduced malondialdehyde and H2O2 levels.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- increased nitratee0
- Outcome
- levels of malondialdehyde and H2O2e0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)”
e0“increased nitrate, which reduced the levels of malondialdehyde and H2O2 as oxidative stressmarkers”
Claim · model-written summary
Enhanced nitrate upregulated rbcL, rbcS and FBPase mRNA.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- enhanced nitrate levelse0
- Outcome
- rbcL, rbcS, FBPasee0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)”
e0“enhanced nitrate levels upregulated critical photosynthetic genes (rbcL, rbcS, FBPase, and SBPase mRNA)”
Claim · model-written summary
Enhanced nitrate upregulated SBPase mRNA.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- enhanced nitrate levelse0
- Outcome
- SBPase mRNAe0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)”
e0“enhanced nitrate levels upregulated critical photosynthetic genes (rbcL, rbcS, FBPase, and SBPase mRNA)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate enrichment supported RuBisCO content and photosynthetic capacity.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- nitratee1
- Outcome
- RuBisCO contents and overall photosynthetic capacitye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)”
e0“supporting the RuBisCO contents and overall photosynthetic capacity”
e1“enhanced nitrate levels upregulated critical photosynthetic genes”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors advocate nitrate enrichment to mitigate low light stress and improve cucumber cultivation.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- strategic nitrateenrichmente0
- Outcome
- optimizing cucumber cultivation in controlled environmentsand improving productivitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)”
e0“effectiveness of strategic nitrateenrichment in mitigating low light stress, providing essential insights for optimizing cucumber cultivation in controlled environmentsand improving productivity”
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